@article { author = {Allahgholi, L and Taghizadeh, A and Hoseinkhani, A and Paya, H and Mehmannavaz, Y}, title = {Influence of processing on digestibility and nano-molecular basis of sorghum grain}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {1-15}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.10999}, abstract = {Introduction: Processing have an impact on nano-molecular basis, which increase digestion of starch. Heat processing destroys the crystalline nature of a starch granule making the surface of the starch more available to digestive solvents and enzymes as well as to the rumen microbes (Bdour et al. 2014). The in situ nylon bag technique is widely used to characterize the disappearance of feeds from rumen (woods et al. 2002). In situ incubation is a principle method for the estimation of ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein, because it is simple, does not require specific equipment and could be applied in every research laboratory (Alexandrow 1998). In many protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the nylon bag technique is the standard method used for calculating the amount of protein escaping rumen fermentation (Cone et al. 2002). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the sampleʼs surface topography and composition. Accordingly, scanning electron microscope (SEM) can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer (Stokes 2008). This experiment was conducted to investigate the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of sorghum grain in the rumen and therefore, investigate changes in nano-molecular basis. Material and methods: In this study sorghum grain was processed using methods of steam flaking, roasting and microwaving. Feed samples were dried in an oven at 90°C for 48 h and the dry matter (DM) content was calculated. Then, ground samples were analyzed for ash (AOAC, 2005). Determinations of N were conducted using the Kjeldahl method in an automated Kjelfoss apparatus (Foss Electric, Copenhagen, Denmark). Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by the detergent procedures of Van Soest et al. (1991). Acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) was determined as nitrogen in acid-detergent residue. Ether extract (EE) was determined by extracting the sample with ether (AOAC 2005). Degradation characteristics of feeds were calculated after the incubation of 5 g samples of row, steam flaked, roasted, and microwaved sorghum grains (ground at 2 mm) in nylon bags. The bag size was 6×12 cm. The bags were incubated in the rumen of two cannulated sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Retrieved bags were washed under running water until the water was clear. Immediately after removal from the rumen, the bags frozen at −18 °C. At the end of the collections, they were unfrozen and washed together with the zero time bags (not incubated in the rumen) for 20 min and then dried at 80°C for 48 h. The residues were weighted and submitted for analysis. For each bag, the residue was analyzed for DM and nitrogen. Feed residues were recovered from each bag and stored for Kjeldahl nitrogen. The model of p=a+b(1-e-ct) was used for the determination of degradation characteristics, in which p is the actual degradation of CP and DM after t, a is the intercept of the degradation curve at time zero, b is the potential degradability of the component of the slowly soluble CP and DM, which will in time be degraded, c represents the constant degradability rate of b at time t, and t is the incubation time. In order to provide SEM images, scanning electron microscopy (Field Emission Tescan mirca 3) was used in the central laboratory of University of Tabriz. The values of a (% solubility) and b (potentially degradable fraction) and deviation of error were determined.  Data obtained from in situ study was subjected to analysis of variance as a completely randomized design by the GLM procedure of SAS software and treatment means were compared by the Duncan test. Results and discussion: In situ results showed that steam flaking of sorghum grain have the most digestibility compared with other treatments, but it was not significant. Steam flaking of sorghum grain reduced nutritional restriction (Teurer et al. 1999) and in many studies has been showed decreases in tannin and phenolic compounds. Microwave processing reduced digestibility; however, it was not significant. Lewandowicz et al. (2002) reported that microwaving reduced starch solubility, because high heat treatment in microwaved starch can create resistance and continual basis in granular structures. Processing significantly decreased crude protein digestibility in all three treatments (p < 0.05) that previous studies have confirmed these results (Parnian 2008, Nickhah et al. 2003, Hamaker 1987). Thermal process reduces protein digestibility in the rumen via denaturing the protein and formation of protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate bonds (Anonymous 2001). Dandy et al. (1995) also concluded wet sorghum baking reduced digestibility. Preston (1998) reported that processing and steaming of corn and sorghum grains reduced solubility of proteins. Also, access to lysine amino acids reduced by flakes density reduces. Scanning electron micrographs in all three treatments showed that processing destructed protein matrix and increased enzymes access to starch granules and increased their digestibility. In steam flaking treatment, granule surfaces were attacked by microorganisms and protein matrix destructed more than other treatments. Also, terminal processing in all three treatments gelatinated the starch and increased average of scale of granules. In addition to the importance of starch digestion, the increase in viscosity during gelatinization may also positively affect physical quality of processed feeds through increasing in binding between feed particles. Svihus et al. (2004) reported that pelleting can improve feed integrity by increasing binding between particles. Gelatinization of starch greatly increases α-amylase accessibility to amylose and amylopectin glucose chains and so, increases the rate of starch digestion. The number of created orifices is explanatory for degradability values. Benmoussa et al. (2006) concluded that number and scale of granules have positive effects on digestive properties. In this study, despite of smaller number and smaller size of orifices in steam flaking treatment than other treatments (against further degradability of steam flaking than others treatments), SEM images of incubated steam flaking showed that granules were processed completely. Therefore, lots of uniformity and meltingcan be justified as its high degradability. Conclusion: Electron microscopy images showed that the number and size of holes (nano-sized) per unit area of ​​treatments were highly correlated with the degree of degradability. Steam flaked treatment has caused more gelatinization in starch granules as the size of the granules has increased more than the control treatment and other treatments. Steam flake processing shows better degradability properties than other treatments and provides higher amounts of nutrients to microorganisms.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {تاثیر فرآوری حرارتی بر گوارش‌پذیری و ساختار میکروسکوپی دانه سورگوم}, abstract_fa = {زمینه مطالعاتی: فرآوری حرارتی دانه سورگوم باعث بهبود عملکرد آن در دستگاه گوارش می شود. هدف: این آزمایش به منظور تعیین تجزیه‌پذیری ماده خشک و پروتئین خام دانه سورگوم در شکمبه با استفاده از روش کیسه‌های نایلونی و سپس بررسی تغییرات ایجاد شده در سطح نانو مولکولی نمونه دانه سورگوم انجام گرفت. روش کار: نمونه خوراکی (فرآوری شده و خام) در زمانهای مختلف در شکمبه دو راس گوسفند دارای فیستولای شکمبه ای انکوبه شد. ساختمان نانو مولکولی تیمارها با استفاده از میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی بررسی و تصاویر تهیه شد. داده ها با استفاده از طرح کاملا تصادفی با نرم افزار SAS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. نتایج: فرآوری به روش پرک با بخار باعث افزایش عددی تجزیه پذیری (PD) ماده خشک شد هر چند معنی دار نبود. تجزیه پذیری پروتئین خام در هر سه روش فرآوری (پرک با بخار، تفت دادن و مایکروویو کردن) به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت. نتیجه گیری نهایی: تصاویر گرفته شده با میکروسکوپ الکترونی نشان داد که تعداد و اندازه‌ی سوراخ‌ها (با ابعاد نانو) در واحد سطح تیمارها با میزان تجزیه‌پذیری همبستگی بالایی دارد. تیمار پرک با بخار باعث ژلاتیناسیون بیشتری در گرانول‏های نشاسته شده است چرا که اندازه‏ی گرانول‏ها نسبت به تیمار کنترل و سایر تیمارها افزایش بیشتری داشته است که با نتایج آزمایشات هضمی که میزان تجزیه پذیری بیشتری را برای تیمار پرک با بخار نشان داده‌اند، مطابقت دارد. فرآوری پرک با بخار ویژگیهای تجزیه پذیری بهتری را نسبت به سایر تیمارها نشان می‏دهد و مقادیر بیشتری از مواد مغذی را در اختیار میکرو ارگانیسم ها قرار می‏دهد.}, keywords_fa = {تجزیه پذیری,کیسه های نایلونی,فرآوری حرارتی,میکروسکوپ الکترونی}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10999.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10999_9c70767780f6cf14571ab15a81d27d49.pdf} } @article { author = {Asgari, M and Alijani, S and Javanmard, A}, title = {Estimation of the genetic parameters for some of semen quality characteristics using animal models with combined phenotype and genotype data of Holstein bulls}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {17-27}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.11000}, abstract = {Introduction: For the design of any successful breeding program, knowledge about semen quality traits is greatly important and per-required. Due to the critical role of bulls through artificial insemination in the genetic improvement of the dairy cattle herds, knowledge about semen characteristics and genetic factors which affect semen parameters is essential. In addition, semen with poor fertility requires more units of semen to establish a successful pregnancy and produce a live offspring. Nonetheless, both impacts are economically important factors, which are considered by the producers leading to rejection of bulls with poor semen quality, and investing mainly on highly fertile sires. Summary of previous literatures is highlighted semen traits and their key roles in upcoming fertility and pregnancy of cows within herds (Gacitua et al. 2005). Furthermore, some reports pointed DNA markers can identify the genetic background mechanism of resistance and susceptibility of sperm after freezing and thawing (Purdy et al., 2005). Additionally, previous reports supported  low hereditability scenario of semen characteristics in livestock species (England et al., 2010). Leptin is a globular protein with a tertiary structure similar to a haemopoietic cytokine synthesized by adipose tissue. It is involved in the regulation of feed intake, fetal growth, energy balance, fertility, and immune functions. The leptin molecule (16 kDa) is made up of 167 amino acids with an N-terminal secrotary signal sequence of 21 amino acids. In cattle, the leptin gene is located on the fourth chromosome. It consists of three exons and two introns. Only two exons are translated into the protein. The coding region of the leptin gene (501 nucleotides in length) is in exons 2 and 3, which are separated by an intron of approximately 2 kb. The leptin gene promoter region spans approximately 3 kb. Leptin is necessary for normal reproductive function, but when present in excess, it have detrimental effects on the male reproductive system. Human and animal studies pointed to leptin as a link between infertility and obesity, a suggestion that was corroborated by findings of low sperm count, increased sperm abnormalities, oxidative stress, and increased leptin levels in obese men. In addition, daily leptin administration to normal-weight rats has been shown to result in similar abnormalities in sperm parameters. The bovine growth hormone (bGH) is a 22 KDa single-chain polypeptide hormone, which is produced in the anterior pituitary gland. The encoding gene is approximately 1800 base pair (bp) and consists of five exons separated by four intervening sequences (Harvey et al. 2000). Recently, several studies have investigated the association between bGH locus and reproduction traits. A substitution of cytosine (C) for guanine (G) at the  position of 2141 causes an amino acid change from leucine (leu) to valine (val) at residue 127. This transversion enables the genotyping of this particular locus using the endonuclease AluI, since in the mutant bull, this enzyme does not recognize its target sequence. Several point mutations in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene have been described, and as such, the Leu127Val polymorphism described by Lucy et al. (1993) has been extensively investigated based on  production and reproduction traits. In addition, Lechniak et al. (1999) have reported the relationship between individual semen quality traits and fertility. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the genetic parameters of some semen quality traits using animal models containing genotype of candidate gene data on Holstein bulls. Material and methods: For this reason, 67 bulls were selected from two breeding stations in the Northwest of Iran (41 bulls) and the National Livestock Improvement Center (26 bulls), which were in the sperm production stage between 2003- 2013. In this regard, four related traits of semen quality were considered, including: volume of ejaculation, sperm concentration, live sperm percentage before freezing, and live sperm percentage after thawing. The DNA extraction was done from semen according to commercial DNA kit and quality and quantity tests were done using spectrophotometry and gel monitoring. The nucleotide polymorphisms were evaluated in two loci of the leptin gene (Exon 2 and intron 2) by the PCR-RFLP method and in the growth promoter receptor gene (promoter region) using PCR-SSR technique. Finally, using combined phenotypic and molecular information, genetic parameters were estimated through Bayesian statistics and Gibbs sampling. POPGENE software was used for molecular data and descriptive statistics (genotype frequencies, allele frequencies, and hetrozygosity index calculation). Univariate and multi variate analysis for semen characteristics was done using gibbs3f90 and renumf90 softwares. Results and discussion: According to the molecular outputs, in all investigate genes nucleotide variation and polymorphism was observed. The results of univariate analysis of animal model for estimating heritability for traits of semen volume, sperm count, live sperm percentage before freezing, and thawing point were 0.22, 0.14, 0.20, and 0.10, respectively. Reproductive performance is controlled by the genetic make-up of dam, sire, and offspring, but it is largely affectedby environment. Thus, the reproductive efficiency of the breeding herd depends on the fertility of the bulls(Gredler et al., 2005). Bull’s fertility is also essential, since bull's DNA is the primary mechanism through which genetic improvements can efficiently be accomplished. Implementation of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle production allowed improving selection of bulls for production traits. Also, frequent freezing and thawing process of bull semens significantly affected quality index and consequent evaluation of fertilization potential of a semen sample for AI in Holstein breeding stations (Mathevon  et al., 1998).However, the preselection of the samples, the high number of sperm per doses, and the high quality of the semen used in the AI programs  can reduce the variability, thereby giving a low probability of detecting fertility differences associated with seminal parameters. Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves stem-cell renewal, genome reorganization, and genome repackaging;  so, it culminates in the production of motile gametes (Kealey et al., 2006). The process of spermatogenesis is regulated by reproductive hormones in gonadotropin axis and is controlled by a large number of genes(Sun et al., 2012). Therefore, hormone and their receptors are presumed to be good candidate genes for reproductive traits. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the range of heritability values for the different semen quality characteristics are low to moderate, which may indicate that improvement of environmental factors is more effective than genetics basis.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {تخمین پارامترهای ژنتیکی برخی صفات کیفیت منی با استفاده از مدلهای حیوانی حاوی اطلاعات ژنوتیپی ژنهای کاندیدا در گاوهای نر مولد هلشتاین}, abstract_fa = {زمینه مطالعاتی: برای طراحی برنامه اصلاح نژادی موفق، آگاهی از صفات کیفیت منی، دارای اهمیت زیادی میباشد. هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر، برآورد پارامترهای ژنتیکی، برخی صفات کیفیت منی، با استفاده از مدلهای حیوانی حاوی اطلاعات ژنوتیپی ژنهای کاندیدا در گاوهای نر مولد هلشتاین بود. روش کار: بدین منظور، مجموعاً، تعداد 67 گاو نر از دو ایستگاه اصلاح نژاد شمالغرب کشور (41 گاو نر) و مرکز بهبود شیر کشور (26 گاو نر) که بین سالهای 1382 تا 1392 در خط تولید اسپرم­­ بودند، انتخاب شد. در این راستا، چهار صفت مربوط به کیفیت منی،  شامل: حجم انزال، غلظت اسپرم، درصد اسپرم زنده قبل انجماد و درصد اسپرم زنده بعد ذوب انتخاب شد. ارزیابی چندشکلیهای نوکلئوتیدی موجود در دو جایگاه ژن لپتین ( ناحیه اگزون 2 و اینترون 2) به روشPCR-RFLP  و در ژن گیرنده هورمون رشد ( ناحیه پروموتور) با روش PCR-SSR انجام شد. نهایتا، با استفاده توام اطلاعات فنوتیپی و مولکولی، پارامترهای ژنتیکی با روش آمار بیزی و نمونه­برداری گیبس برآورد گردید. نتایج: در خصوص نتایج مولکولی، در کلیه جایگاههای ژنهای مورد بررسی در گاوهای نر مورد مطالعه، چند­شکلی نوکلئوتیدی مشاهده گردید. همچنین، نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل  تک­صفته مدل حیوانی جهت برآورد وراثت­پذیری برای صفات حجم منی، جمعیت اسپرم، درصد اسپرم زنده قبل انجماد و بعد ذوب بترتیب 22/0، 14/0، 20/0، 10/ و در آنالیز چند­صفته، به ترتیب  11/0، 19/0، 24/0، 23/0 بدست آمد. متعاقباً، بیشترین همبستگی های فنوتیپی و ژنتیکی بترتیب مربوط به صفات درصد اسپرم زنده قبل انجماد با درصد اسپرم زنده بعد ذوب به مقادیر  031/11 ±912/0، و درصد اسپرم زنده قبل انجماد با جمعیت اسپرم، 170/0 (05/0> (P بود. نتیجه گیری نهایی: نتایج مطالعه حاضر، نشان داد که مقادیر وراثت­پذیری برای صفات مختلف کیفیت منی مقدار کم تا متوسط است لذا، روند پیشرفت ژنتیکی برای بهبود خصوصیات منی کند بوده و شاید بتوان با بهبود شرایط محیطی بهبود نسبی خصوصیات منی را بدست آورد.}, keywords_fa = {پارامترهای ژنتیکی,همبستگی,هلشتاین,خصوصیات منی}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11000.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11000_62212f3bc8c73eb5dee2546ae317ffdc.pdf} } @article { author = {Kazemi, M}, title = {Laboratory study of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) essential oil effects on gas production kinetic, degradability, protozoan population, and some fermentation parameters of a balanced diet}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {29-43}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.11001}, abstract = {Introduction: Nowadays, using antibiotics in ruminant feeding as growth promoters has been restricted due to the appearance of multi-drug resistant bacteria which may be a risk to human health. Recently, many efforts have been allocated to develop secure and safe alternatives to antibiotics. On the other hand, the identity of molecules that modulate rumen fermentation to enhance the efficiency of feed conversion ratio is an important objective of ruminant nutrition research. The manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to increase the efficiency of nutrients used by the animal has long been a goal for rumen microbiologists and nutritionists. Essential oils are aromatic oily fluids collected from plants, which can be used as natural additives in animal feeds because of their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant aspects (Cowan 1999). The essential oils are volatile mixtures composed of secondary metabolites of plant material which are characterized by diverse compositions and activities (Benchaar et al. 2008). It is reported that many essential oils affect rumen fermentation (Hart et al. 2008) and they are currently being studied as rumen modifiers in ruminants. The antimicrobial effects of common essential oils extracted from medicinal plants have been proved, previously (Castillejos et al. 2006). Castillejos et al. (2005) showed that the addition of some essential oils into two different diets (high forage or high concentrate) in a continuous culture fermentation system during eight days increased TVFA concentration, but nitrogen metabolism did not differ. Therefore, the effect of using different levels of Lallemantia royleana essential oil (LREO) on some of the fermentative-microbial parameters, in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability, gas production parameters, protozoa population, and methane emissions of a sheep's diet were investigated in an in vitro batch culture. Material and methods: The whole samples of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) were collected from the mountainous areas (Revenj village) of Torbat-e Jam at the flowering stage. The essential oil from whole parts of this plant was extracted by Clevenger's hydro-distillation apparatus. An in vitro batch culture was used to evaluate the effects of different levels of essential oil (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/L) in the laboratory. The cumulative gas production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation was measured and recorded. The in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibilities were measured according to standard methods after 96 h of incubation. Some of the fermentative-microbial parameters [including pH, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), microbial mass yield (MMY), partitioning factor (PF), and efficiency of microbial mass synthesis (EMMS)], methane emissions, and protozoa population were also determined in an in vitro batch culture similar to that used for gas production test according to standard methods. Results and discussion: No changes were observed in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and protozoal population of the culture medium due to the addition of LREO, but pH (linear, P=0.02) and TVFA significantly decreased and increased, respectively compared with the control group. With increasing LREO in the culture medium, most gas production parameters (potential gas production and gas production at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation) significantly increased as linear and quadratic; however, methane emissions did not change. Although IVDMDandIVOMD showed a significant increase (linear and quadratic) due to the addition of LREO; in contrast, the PF, MMY, and EMMS significantly decreased (linear and quadratic) compared with the control group. Supplementation of 5 mg/l of some essential oils increased by 8% the concentration of total VFA (Castillejos et al. 2007). Evans and Martin (2000) reported that thymol (400 mg/l) decreased the total VFA concentration, suggesting that the used dose was toxic to rumen bacteria. Previous studies (Molero et al. 2004 and Newbold et al. 2004) demonstrated that a blend of essential oils inhibited proteolysis and amino acid deamination. Recent studies showed that most essential oils tested at high concentrations (i.e., 3000 and 5000 mg/l) inhibited rumen microbial fermentation and reduced total VFA concentration, which demonstrates their antimicrobial activity (Cardozo et al. 2005, Busquet et al. 2006, Castillejos et al. 2006 ). Conclusion: The overall results showed that LREO can alter the fermentation pattern in the medium by improving some of the parameters (increasing in gas yield, TVFA, IVDMD, and IVOMD), and it seems that the level of 450 mg of LREO/L has more effect on these parameters. The addition of LREO can also decrease the microbial mass yield in the rumen, modify the production of VFA without any change in ammonia nitrogen. Effects of LREO on in vivo rumen fermentation and animal performance require further researches.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {مطالعه‌ی آزمایشگاهی تأثیر اسانس روغنی بالنگو (Lallemantia royleana) برکینتیک تولید گاز، تجزیه‌پذیری، جمعیت پروتوزوآ و برخی پارامترهای تخمیری یک جیره‌ی بالانس شده}, abstract_fa = {زمینه مطالعاتی: امروزه مصرف آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها در جیره‌های نشخوارکنندگان به‌عنوان محرک‌های رشد به‌دلیل ایجاد مقاومت چندگانه‌ی باکتریایی که می‌تواند سلامت انسان‌ها را به‌خطر بیندازند، محدود شده‌اند. اخیراً تلاش‌ها برای استفاده از جایگزین‌کننده‌های سالم بجای آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها افزایش یافته است. از طرفی شناسایی ترکیباتی که منجر به تغییر الگوی تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در جهت بهبود راندمان مصرف خوراک گردد، نیز حائز اهمیت می‌باشد. در این پژوهش اثر استفاده از سطوح مختلف اسانس روغنی بالنگو بر برخی پارامترهای تخمیری-میکروبی، تجزیه‌پذیری ماده خشک (IVDMD) و ماده آلی (IVOMD)، فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز، جمعیت پروتوزوآ و تولید متانِ یک جیره‌ در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بررسی شد. روش کار: اسانس روغنی بالنگو پس از برداشت در مرحله‌ی گلدهی، با استفاده از کلونجر استخراج شد. از یک محیط کشت ثابت جهت بررسی اثرات سطوح مختلف این اسانس (صفر، 150، 300 و 450 میلی‌گرم/لیتر) استفاده شد. تولید تجمعی گاز در زمان‌های 3، 6، 9، 12، 24، 48، 72 و 96 ساعت انکوباسیون و نیز IVDMD و IVOMD بر اساس روش‌های استاندارد تعیین شدند. همچنین برخی فراسنجه‌های تخمیری-میکروبی ]شامل pH، نیتروژن آمونیاکی، اسیدهای چرب فرار کل (TVFA)، توده‌ی میکروبی تولیدی (MMY)، ضریب تفکیک‌پذیری (PF) و بازده سنتز توده‌ی میکروبی (EMMS)[، تولید متان و جمعیت کل پروتوزوآ در محیط کشت تعیین شدند. نتایج: تغییری در غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و جمعیت پروتوزوآ در اثر افزودن اسانس مشاهده نشد ولی pH به‌طور معنی‌داری (خطی، 02/0=P) نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش و TVFA افزایش نشان داد. با افزایش سطح اسانس، اغلب فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز (پتانسیل تولید گاز و نیز گاز تولید شده در زمان‌های 12، 24، 48 و 72 ساعت انکوباسیون) به‌صورت خطی و درجه دو افزایش معنی‌دار نشان دادند، هرچند که متان تولیدی تغییر ننمود. اگرچه که IVDMD و IVOMD در اثر افزودن اسانس افزایش معنی‌داری (خطی و درجه دو) نشان دادند، ولی در مقابل PF، MMY و EMMS کاهش معنی‌داری (خطی و درجه دو) در برابر شاهد نشان دادند. نتیجه‌گیری نهایی: نتایج کلی نشان داد که اسانس بالنگو می‌تواند الگوی تخمیر را در جهت بهبود برخی فراسنجه‌ها (تولید گاز و TVFA بیشتر و افزایش تجزیه‌پذیری)، دستخوش تغییراتی نماید و به‌نظر می‌رسد که سطح 450 میلی‌گرم در لیتر عصاره، بیشترین تأثیر را بر این فراسنجه‌ها گذاشته است.}, keywords_fa = {افزودنی خوراکی,کشت ثابت آزمایشگاهی,الگوی تخمیر,گیاه دارویی}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11001.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11001_0e9e1936906be327da7410bc953ee892.pdf} } @article { author = {Seifdavati, J and Yelchi, T and Seid Sharifi, R and Abdi, H}, title = {Evaluation of the use of plastic syringes instead of glass syringes in the gas production technique for evaluating some feedstuffs}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {45-56}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.11002}, abstract = {Introduction: Determining the nutritional value of nutrients used in animal feed or diets using live livestock are costly and time-consuming; so, there is a great tendency to evaluate them using laboratory methods. Measurement of the gas production parameters from in vitro fermentation of feedstuffs was established by Menck et al. (1979). In this method, the fermentation of the feed sample and measurement of gas production parameters take place in glass syringes by a rotary incubator, which was positioned horizontally at specific locations to mimic ruminal conditions. In order to eliminate the disadvantages and improve the original method of gas production test proposed by Menek and Steingass (1988), several studies have been carried out by various researchers. Changing laboratory equipment’s of gas test was carried out mainly by Blümmel and Ørskov (1993), using a water bath or Bin Marie instead of a rotating incubator and the rotation of the syringes in the incubator was compensated by shaking the syringes by hand. In a report by Fedorak and Hrudey (1983), a simple method was used to measure the volume of produced gas using a graded petite-like, thin-walled glass tube attached to a culture medium containing bottle and based on the displacement of water inside the pet. In another report, Theodorou et al. (1994) also used a barometer to connect the hose to a bottle containing the culture medium to estimate the gas production. The cost of producing a rotary incubator for measuring the gas test with glass syringes is high and has the potential to be difficult to install and operate, due to the sensitivity and fragility of the syringes. It seems that most efforts of previous researchers have been based on the improvement and simplification of the original method. Glass syringes are an imported commodity and will cause the currency to exit the country; thus, replacing it with plastic syringes can reduce country's dependence on imports and reduce the costs of related research. A search of reliable scientific sources at home and abroad shows that there has been no report on the comparison of plastic syringes with glass in the gas production test. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of plastic syringes instead of glass syringes in the parameters of gas production of some feedstuffs. Material and methods: The feedstuffs included alfalfa hay, perennial ryegrass, barley grain, corn grain, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. Glass syringes and two types of plastic syringes of type I and II (high and medium quality respectively) were used. The gas production parameters were determined using commonly used models and the data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design.  Menke et al. (1979) method was used to measure the amount of gas production. The amounts of short chain fatty acids, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter in dry matter, and metabolizable energy were estimated using related equations (Menke and Steinggass, 1988). The data obtained from the method of gas production were analyzed based on a completely randomized design with repeated measurements design using SAS (2003) software. Results and discussion: The results of the net volume of gas produced from the feedstuffs (except barley grain) at 6 h did not show a significant difference between glass syringes and type I plastic syringes (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the three types of syringes at 6 h in rye forage. At 24 h, there was a significant difference between glass syringes and plastic syringes in terms of gas volume (p < 0.05), except for corn grain and rapeseed meal. At 96 h, there was a significant difference between glass and plastic syringes in terms of volume of gas production (p < 0.05), except for rapeseed meal. Between glass syringes and plastic syringes type I and II, there was a significant difference in terms of gas production potential for all feedstuffs (p < 0.05), except for rapeseed meal. Overall, these results showed that the volume of gas production in type I and type II plastic syringes was lower than that of glass syringes. There was a significant difference between the glass and plastic syringes of types I and II in terms of A or gas production potential (p < 0.05), except for rapeseed meal. The potential of gas production was lower than that of glass syringes, similar to the volume of gas production in plastic syringes, especially its second type. There was no significant difference between the glass and plastic syringes of the first type in terms of c parameter or gas production rate, except for alfalfa hay and barley grain. There was no significant difference between type I glass and plastic syringes in terms of lag or lag time for all feedstuffs, except for barley grain. In terms of lag time, there was a significant difference between type II syringes and plastic syringes for soybean meal and rapeseed. However, for alfalfa hay, ryegrass, barley grain, and corn grain, there were no significant differences in terms of Metabolizable energy, short-chain fatty acids, and organic matter digestibility estimated from feedstuffs showed that there was no significant difference between glass syringes and plastic syringes of type I only for corn grain and canola meal. High correlation coefficients (r = 0.90 to 0.98) were found between the results of glass syringes with type I plastic syringes. When feed is fermented with ruminal liquid in vitro conditions, its carbohydrates are converted to short-chain fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, lactic, etc., and gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane (Blümmel and Ørskov, 1993). However, regression relationships do not take into account the different physical properties of feeds in the rumen, as well as digestive differences in the lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract. But, regression relations estimate only the total amount of volatile fatty acids (Parand and Taghizadeh, 2011, Mirshadi et al., 2016). Conclusion: The results showed that the measured volumes of gas production and estimated parameters in plastic syringes, especially its second type, were lower than those of glass syringes; though, in some feeds inclusions of maize seed and rapeseed were similar in most cases to glass and plastic syringes of the first type. The high correlation coefficients between the results of the syringes indicate that it is possible to develop mathematical models for estimating the desirable results when using plastic syringes. However, more research is needed and more feedstuffs should be used to provide regression models to estimate the results equivalent to glass syringes, when using plastic syringes. The lack of significance of the results in some feedstuffs and the high correlation coefficients between the results of the syringes show that it is possible to replace high-quality plastic syringes instead of glass syringes.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {ارزیابی استفاده از سرنگ‌های پلاستیکی به جای سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای در روش تولید گاز برای ارزیابی برخی از مواد خوراکی}, abstract_fa = {زمینهمطالعاتی: هزینه انکوباتور گردان اندازه‌گیری آزمون گاز به همراه سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای بالا بوده و امکان نصب و راه‌اندازی آن از جمله حساس و شکننده بودن سرنگ‌ها دارای مشکلات عمده‌ای است به نظر می رسد، که انجام روش آزمون تولید گاز با استفاده از سرنگ‌های پلاستیکی مدرج و بن ماری کم هزینه و راه اندازی آن آسان باشد. هدف: این پژوهش به‌ منظور ارزیابی استفاده از سرنگ‌های پلاستیکی به جای سرنگ‌‌های شیشه­ای در روش تولید گاز برای ارزیابی برخی از مواد خوراکی انجام شد. روش کار: مواد خوراکی شامل علوفه یونجه، علوفه چچم، دانه جو، دانه ذرت، کنجاله سویا و کنجاله کلزا بود. از سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای و دو نوع از سرنگ‌های پلاستیکی شامل نوع اول و دوم (به ترتیب با کیفیت بالا و متوسط) استفاده شد. فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز با استفاده از مدل‌های رایج تعیین شده و داده‌های حاصل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج: نتایج مربوط به حجم خالص گاز تولید شده از مواد خوراکی (به جز دانه جو) در ساعت 6 اندازه‌گیری بین سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای و پلاستیکی نوع اول تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان نداد. در ساعت 24 تفاوت معنی‌داری بین سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای و پلاستیکی از نظر حجم گاز تولید شده به جز دانه ذرت و کنجاله کلزا وجود داشت. بین سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای و پلاستیکی نوع اول و دوم از نظر پتانسیل تولید گاز برای همه مواد خوراکی به جز کنجاله کلزا تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود داشت. انرژی قابل متابولیسم، اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر و قابلیت هضم ماده آلی برآورد شده از مواد خوراکی مختلف نشان داد که بین سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای و پلاستیکی نوع اول فقط برای دانه ذرت و کنجاله کلزا تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود نداشت. ضرایب همبستگی بالایی (98/0 - 90/0 = r) بین نتایج حاصل از سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای با سرنگ‌های پلاستیکی نوع اول مشاهده شد.  نتیجه گیری نهایی: عدم معنی‌داری نتایج در برخی از مواد خوراکی و وجود ضرایب همبستگی بالا بین نتایج حاصل از سرنگ‌ها نشان می‌دهد که امکان جایگزینی سرنگ‌های پلاستیکی با کیفیت بالا به جای سرنگ‌های شیشه‌ای وجود دارد.}, keywords_fa = {آزمون تولید گاز,سرنگ پلاستیکی,فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز,مواد خوراکی}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11002.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11002_88c186bceadc67e2c402834834de50fd.pdf} } @article { author = {Moradi, L and Moghaddam, Gh and Daghigh Kia, H and Hamidian, Gh and Nazari, F}, title = {Evaluation of reproductive hormones levels in intact and castrated Ghezel lambs at pre-puberty period}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {57-66}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.11003}, abstract = {Introduction: Biosynthesis and storage of gonadotropins in farm animals begin at the same embryonic stage. The hypothalamus-pituitary-testicle axis controls animal reproductive activity through complex neurological and endocrine pathways. Disturbance in any of these pathways results in the inadequacy of the reproductive system and as a result, lower reproductive performance. Puberty is the end point of a series of events affecting the development of the ‘hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal’ axis leading to reproductive competence. The changes in GnRH pattern release during puberty are under steroid-dependent and steroid-independent control mechanisms (reference?). Steroid-dependent mechanisms involve changes in sensitivity to gonadal steroid negative-feedback regulation of GnRH neurons (reference?). Although the ability to release high frequency GnRH pulses is inherent from an early age in sexually immature sheep, because of the presence of gonadal steroids and the greater sensitivity of the GnRH system to these steroids. As the time of puberty approaches, sensitivity to gonadal steroids decreases, which allows GnRH pulse frequency to increase. This remarkable change in the ‘gonadostat’ clearly underlies with pubertal increasing in GnRH/LH pulse frequency, which appears to be the key determinant of reproductive function. However, there are sexual differences in the responsiveness of GnRH system to inhibit by steroids, which underlie the different timing of puberty onset in male and female animals. Before  puberty,  a functional negative feedback system exists between testosterone and LH, estradiol and LH, and between inhibin and FSH in male sheep. Male lambs have a similar degree of responsiveness to estradiol and testosterone with regard to the regulation of LH pulse frequency. In view of these observations we have tested the hypothesis that the differences in the patterns of gonadotrophin secretions might be related to the influence of the testosterone on changes in the castrated males and accumulation of LH and FSH during the postnatal transition to puberty in male lambs. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of changes in sex hormones in intact and castrated Ghezel lambs during pre-puberty at different ages.  Material and methods:  In this study, 20 Ghezel lambs were considered in four age groups included: group 1 (one-month-old castrated lambs, n = 4), group 2 (two-months-old castrated lambs n = 4), group 3  (three-months-old castrated lambs n = 4), group 4  (four-months-old castrated lambs n = 4),   group 5:  (one-month-old non-castrated  lambs as the control group,  n = 4). Lambs of the five groups were fed with the same diet according to the   NRC 2007 until the age of nine months. Blood samples from lambs were taken monthly until the age of nine months. After serum isolation, serum levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured by ELISA. Results and discussion:  In intact lambs, testosterone concentrations increased at the age of four months (0.65 ng/ml) and peaked at nine months of age (2.33 ng/ml).  In intact male lambs, FSH concentrations were the highest levels after weaning and early puberty periods (P <0.05). The LH concentration increased significantly in intact males at three months of age, while the testosterone concentration in the one-month group showed a significant difference there were no other months (P> 0.05). In this study, two phases of surging for LH were observed. The first phase of the LH peak was observed at 1-4 months of age (2.4 ng/ml) and the second phase was observed at 7-8 months of age (1.576 ng/ml). Reducing LH secretion between the first and second phases had a high correlation with increasing in testosterone concentration (r = -0.96, p <0.05) Testosterone concentrations were not significantly different in the   one-month-old, two-months-old, and three-months-old castrated groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Puberty related hormonal changes in the Ghezel breed begins at 2-4 months with a change in the secretion   of LH and FSH at the end of weaning and then, puberty achieved at 8-9 months of age. According to the effect of testosterone on aggressive behaviors, castration is recommended in the early stages of birth (1-3 months), when the testosterone level is lower and the animal is under a little stress. The outstanding point of the present study is observing the increase in gonadotropins at the age of 2-4 months, which indicates the beginning of puberty related hormonal changes in the Ghezel breed.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {بررسی سطح سرمی هورمون‌های تولیدمثلی در بره‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های نر سالم و اخته شده قزل در دوره قبل از بلوغ}, abstract_fa = {زمینه مطالعاتی:محور هیپوتالاموس- هیپوفیز- بیضه، از طریق مسیر‌های عصبی و اندوکرینی فعالیت تولید‌مثلی حیوان را هدایت می‌کنند. اختلال در هر یک از این مسیر‌ها منجر به ناکارآمدی سیستم تولید‌مثلی می‌شود. هدف: ارزیابی الگوی تغییر هورمون‌های جنسی در بره‌‌‌‌های سالم و اخته شده قزل در دوره قبل از بلوغ در سنین مختلف هدف عمده بود. روش کار: در این بررسی 20 راس بره نژاد قزل در 4 رده سنی (1-4 ماهه) انتخاب و به روش جراحی باز اخته شدند و همزمان 4 راس بره یک ماهه به عنوان گروه کنترل در نظر گرفته شد. بره‌های پنج گروه با یک جیره یکسان مطابق احتیاجات NRC,2007  تا رسیدن به سن 9 ماهگی تغذیه شدند. خونگیری از بره‌ها به صورت ماهانه تا نه ماهگی انجام شد و پس از جداسازی سرم، سطح هورمون‌های تستوسترون، LH و FSH توسط الایزا اندازگیری شدند. نتایج: در بره‌های نر سالم غلظت تستوسترون از سن 4 ماهگی (65/0 نانوگرم در میلی‌لیتر) شروع به افزایش کرده و در 9 ماهگی به33/2 نانوگرم در میلی‌لیتر رسید، غلظت FSH دربره‌های سالم در دوره پس از شیرواری و ابتدای بلوغ بیشترین بود (05/0>P). غلظت LH در سن سه ماهگی در نر‌های سالم به یکباره افزایش قابل توجهی داشت. در گروه اخته شده یک ماهه غلظت تستوسترون اختلاف معنی‌داری با ماه‌های دیگر نداشت (05/0P)، ولی استفاده از ویتامین E تأثیری بر عملکرد تولید نسبت به گروه شاهد نداشت. مقادیر تری‌گلیسیرید، کلسترول کل و لیپوپروتئین با تراکم خیلی پایین (VLDL) سرم خون پرندگان دریافت کننده جیره حاوی 5/1 درصد برگ چای ‌سبز، نسبت به گروه شاهد کاهش یافت (05/0>P). میزان مالون‌دی‌آلدهید سرم خون به عنوان شاخص پراکسیداسیون لیپید نیز در سطح 5/1 درصد چای سبز همانند تیمار ویتامین E نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش و ظرفیت آنتی‌کسیدانی تام سرم خون نیز افزایش یافت (05/0>P). نتیجه گیری نهایی: به‌طور کلی، استفاده از حداقل 1 درصد چای سبز، اگرچه اثر منفی بر عملکرد تولید مرغ‌های تخمگذار داشت ولی توانست باعث کاهش کلسترول و تریگلیسرید خون و افزایش ظرفیت آنتی­اکسیدانی خون پرندگان همانند ویتامین E گردد.}, keywords_fa = {برگ چای سبز,تخم‌مرغ,ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی,عملکرد تولید,مرغ تخمگذار}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11008.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11008_6b3a157584215cd7a58a04e58c499af5.pdf} } @article { author = {Azizpour, N and Khelatabadi, AH and Moradi, MH and Mohammadi, H}, title = {Genome-wide association study based on gene-set enrichment analysis associated with milk yield in Holstein cattle}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {79-92}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.11009}, abstract = {Introduction: Genomic selection has provided the dairy industry with a powerful tool to increase genetic gains on economically important traits such as milk production (Taylor et al. 2016). One way to identify new loci and confirm existing QTL is through genome-wide association analysis (GWAA). In addition, identifying of genes' loci with large effects on economically important traits has been one of the important goals to dairy cattle breeding. Quantitative Trait Loci assisted selection and genomic regions affecting the production traits have been considered to increase the efficiency of selection and improve production performance. Genome wide association studies typically focus on genetic markers with the strongest evidence of association. However, single markers often explain only a small component of the genetic variance and hence, offer a limited understanding of the trait under study. A solution to tackle the aforementioned problems, and deepen the understanding of the genetic background of complex traits, is to move up the analysis from the SNP to the gene and gene-set levels. In a gene-set analysis, a group of related genes that harbor significant SNP previously identified in GWAS, is tested for over-representation in a specific pathway. The aim of the present study was genome wide association studies (GWAS) based on gene set enrichment analysis for identifying the loci associated with milk yield and somatic cell score traits in Holstein cattle breed using the high-confidence SNPs that enable us to study 164312 SNP markers simultaneously. Material and methods: In this study, the 1092 Holstein cattle and 164312 markers were analyzed with milk yield, fat percentage, and somatic cell score using plink software with no corrections to adjust the error rate. The gene set analysis consists basically in three different steps: (1) the assignment of SNPs to genes, (2) the assignment of genes to functional categories, and finally (3) the association analysis between each functional category and the phenotype of interest. In brief, for each trait, nominal P-values < 0.05 from the GWAS analyses were used to identify significant SNP. Using the biomaRt R package the SNP were assigned to genes if they were within the genomic sequence of the gene or within a flanking region of 20 kb up- and downstream of the gene, to include SNP located in regulatory regions. For the assignment of the genes to functional categories, the gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome pathway databases were used. The GO database designates biological descriptors to genes based on attributes of their encoded products and it is further partitioned into three components: biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. The KEGG pathway database contains metabolic and regulatory pathways, representing the actual knowledge on molecular interactions and reaction networks. Finally, a Fisher’s exact test was performed to test for overrepresentation of the significant genes for each gene-set. The gene enrichment analysis was performed with the goseq R package. In the next step, a bioinformatics analysis was implemented to identify the biological pathways performed in BioMart, Panther, DAVID, and GeneCards databases. Results and discussion: Gene set enrichment analysis has proven to be a great complement of genome-wide association analysis (Gambra et al. 2013; Abdalla et al. 2016). Among available gene set databases, GO is probably the most popular, whereas KEGG is a relatively new tool that is gaining ground in livestock genomics (Morota et al. 2015, 2016). It was hypothesized that the use of gene set information could improve prediction. However, neither of the gene set SNP classes outperformed the standard whole-genome approach. Gene sets have been primarily developed using data from model organisms, such as mice and flies; so, it is possible that some of the genes included in these terms are irrelevant for milk production. It is likely that a better understanding of the biology underlying milk production specifically, plus an advance in the annotation of the bovine genome, can provide new opportunities for predicting production using gene set information. Eleven SNP markers  were identified on  chromosomes  5,  6,  7,  8, 14, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, and 28 located  in  ASIC2,  ANXA3,  CCL2,  CCL11,  CCL24, IL33, TLR3, WWOX, EGFR, PRKCA, CAMK2A, KCNMA1, FABP2, SPP1, THBS4, HSP90B1, and ITPR1 genes. Some of the found genes are consistent with some previous studies and are involved in biological pathways related to milk yield and immune systems. According to pathway analysis, 25 pathways from gene ontology and KEGG pathway were associated with the milk yield and somatic cell score traits (P˂0.01). Among those pathways, the sensory perception of chemical stimulus, positive regulation of inflammatory response, and defense response biological pathway have an important role in the immune system and somatic cell score. Also, the GnRH signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, oxytocin signaling pathway, and focal adhesion had a significant association with milk yield and fat percentage traits. Some of these regulatory regions, such as enhancers, are located far from the genes. Therefore, the gene might be part of the analysis, but the relevant variant would probably not be included in the gene set SNP class. Finally, linkage disequilibrium interferes with the use of biological information in prediction, because irrelevant regions (regions without any biological role) capture part of the information encoded in relevant regions, causing both regions to exhibit similar predictive abilities. The use of very high density SNP data or even whole genome sequence data could alleviate some of these issues. Finally, it worth’s noting that our gene-set enrichment analysis was conducted using a panel of SNP obtained from a single marker regression GWAS, which relies on a simplified theory of the genomic background of traits, without considering for instance the joint effect of SNP. Hence, other approaches (e.g. GWAS exploring SNP by SNP interactions) might provide a better basis for biological pathway analysis. Conclusion: This study supported previous results from GWAS of milk yield and somatic cell score, also revealed additional regions in the cattle genome associated with these economically important traits. So, using these findings can accelerate the genetic progress in the breeding programs.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {مطالعه پویش کل ژنومی صفات مرتبط با تولید شیر بر پایه تجزیه و تحلیل غنی‌سازی مجموعه‌های‌ ژنی در گاو هلشتاین}, abstract_fa = {زمینه مطالعاتی: اخیراً انتخاب به کمک QTLها و مناطق ژنومی مؤثر بر صفات تولیدی برای افزایش بازده انتخاب مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف: پژوهش حاضر به منظور مطالعه پویش ژنومی بر مبنای تجزیه و تحلیل غنی­سازی مجموعه ژنی جهت شناسایی ژن­های مؤثر بر صفات مرتبط با تولید شیر گاو هلشتاین با استفاده از تکنیک توالی­یابی GGRS بوده است. روش کار: بدین منظور، مطالعه پویش ژنومی از 1092 رأس گاو هلشتاین و رکورد مرتبط با تولید شیر، درصد چربی و امتیاز سلو­ل­های بدنی در برنامه Plink ارزیابی شد. آنالیز غنی­سازی ژنی با استفاده از بسته نرم افزاری goseq برنامه R و شناسایی عملکرد بیولوژیکی ژن­های نزدیک در مناطق انتخابی کاندیدا از طریق پایگاه­های برخط GO، KEGG و Panther انجام گردید. نتایج: تجزیه و تحلیل بیوانفورماتیکی نشان داد که مناطق ژنومی شناسایی شده به طور مستقیم و غیر مستقیم با ژن­های مؤثر بر امتیاز سلول­های بدنی، تولید و چربی شیر همپوشانی دارند. در این پژوهش تعداد 11 نشانگر تک نوکلئوتیدی واقع روی کروموزوم­های 5، 6، 7، 8، 14، 19، 22، 24، 25، 27 و 28 شناسایی شدند که با ژن­های ASIC2، ANXA3، CCL2، CCL11، CCL24،IL33،TLR3 ، WWOX،EGFR ،PRKCA ، CAMK2A،KCNMA1 ،FABP2 ،SPP1 ،THBS4 ، HSP90B1 وITPR1 مرتبط بودند. برخی از این ژن­ها در مناطق معنی­دار با مطالعه قبلی هم­خوانی داشت. در آنالیز غنی سازی مجموعه ژنی تعداد 25 مسیر هستی شناسی ژنی و مسیر KEGG با صفات تولید و امتیاز سلول­های بدنی مرتبط بودند (P˂0.01). از این بین، مسیرهای positive regulation of inflammatory response و defense response نقش مهمی در سیستم ایمنی داشتند. همچنین در ارتباط با تولید و چربی شیر مسیرهای PPAR signaling pathway، Oxytocin signaling pathway و Focal adhesion ارتباط معنی­داری داشتند. نتیجه ­گیری نهایی: با توجه به تأیید مناطق قبلی پویش ژنومی صفات تولیدی، همچنین شناسایی مناطق ژنومی جدید استفاده از یافته­های این تحقیق می­تواند باعث تسریع در پیشرفت ژنتیکی برنامه­های اصلاح نژادی گاو شود.}, keywords_fa = {پویش ژنوم,تولید شیر,امتیاز سلول‌های بدنی,آنالیز غنی سازی,گاو}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11009.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11009_5ebc7d8a90ef36b08e04224e449a17e5.pdf} } @article { author = {Besharati, M and Niazifar, M}, title = {The effect of lemon seed essential oil on composition, chemical characteristics, and gas production parameters of alfalfa silage}, journal = {Animal Science Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {93-104}, year = {2020}, publisher = {University of Tabriz}, issn = {2008-5125}, eissn = {2676-5705}, doi = {10.22034/as.2020.11018}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {The effect of lemon seed essential oil on composition, chemical characteristics, and gas production parameters of alfalfa silage}, abstract_fa = {زمینه مطالعاتی: یونجه یکی از مهمترین گیاهان علوفه­ای است که در تغذیه دام به شکل علوفه خشک در ایران استفاده می­شود. با این حال، مقدار قابل توجهی از مواد مغذی یونجه به دلیل تیمارهای مکانیکی در طی فرآیند خشک کردن و ذخیره­سازی از بین می­روند. تولید سیلوی یونجه در سال­های اخیر مورد توجه بیشتر دامداران قرار گرفته است. یونجه یکی از علوفه­هایی است که به دلیل داشتن سطح بالای پروتئین، ظرفیت بافری بالا و کربوهیدرات محلول در آب پایین سیلو کردن آن مشکل می­باشد و افزودنی­های سیلو در زمان سیلو کردن باید مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. از مواد افزودنی با خاصیت محافظتی (برپایه اسیدهای آلی) برای جلوگیری از رشد قارچ و مخمر در سیلاژ و افزایش پایداری هوازی استفاده شده است. اخیراً استفاده از گیاهان معطر و محصولات آنها به دلیل اثرات ضد قارچ، ضد باکتری و آنتی­اکسیدان آنها افزایش یافته است. هدف: این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثرات اسانس­هسته­لیموترش بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و پایداری­هوازی سیلاژ یونجه انجام شد. روش کار: یونجه در مرحله گلدهی برداشت شد و با یک چاپر به اندازه­های 3 تا 5 سانتی متر خرد شد و در آزمایشگاه به مدت 24 ساعت پژمرده شد. پس از دوره پژمردگی، به سه زیر نمونه تقسیم شد. تیمارهای ­­آزمایشی شامل تیمار یونجه بدون ­افزودنی (شاهد)، یونجه بعلاوه 60 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم اسانس لیموترش و یونجه­ بعلاوه 120 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم اسانس هسته­لیمو بودند که به مدت 60 روز در دمای اتاق سیلو شدند. در پایان روز 60، سیلوها باز شدند و بلافاصله pH و ماده خشک اندازه­گیری و باقیمانده نمونه­ها برای اندازه­گیری خاکستر، ADF، NDF و CP در فریزر با دمای 20- درجه سانتیگراد ذخیره شد. آزمایش تولید گاز با استفاده از روش آزمایشگاهی با 5 تکرار در 2 ، 4 ، 6 ، 8 ، 12 ، 16 ، 24 ، 36 ، 48 ، 72 ، 96 و 120 ساعت اندازه گیری شد. داده­های بدست­آمده در قالب طرح­آماری کاملاً تصادفی آنالیزگردید. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که افزودن اسانس­هسته لیمو در هر دو سطح 60 و 120میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم  به سیلاژ یونجه میزان pH سیلو را به طور معنی­داری (05/0p <) نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. افزودن اسانس در سطح 120 میلی­گرم غلظت کربوهیدرات محلول در آب را افزایش داد (91/4 %). میزان پروتئین خام در تیمار مکمل شده با اسانس هسته لیمو ئر سطح 120 میلی­گرم در مقایسه با تیمار کنترل افزایش یافت (05/0>P). اسانس­هسته لیمو باعث افزایش پایداری­هوازی سیلو نسبت به شاهد شد. افزودن اسانس در سطح 60 میلی­گرم گاز تولیدی را نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش داد. در کل، داده­های بدست آمده نشان دهنده اثر مثبت اسانس هسته لیمو روی کیفیت سیلاژ یونجه و خصوصیات تخمیری است. نتیجه­گیری­کلی: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که افزودن اسانس هسته لیمو بر سیلاژ یونجه باعث افزایش پایداری هوازی سیلو نسبت به شاهد شد. اسانس هسته لیمو تاثیر معنی­داری بر روی ازت امونیاکی و پروتئین خام داشت. سطوح مختلف اسانس هسته لیمو میزان pH را تحت تاثیر قرار داد و به طور قابل­توجهی کاهش یافت. افزودن اسانس هسته لیمو ترش در سطح بالا باعث افزایش میزان تولید گاز و فراسنجه­های تخمیری تولید گاز گردید.}, keywords_fa = {اسانس‌گیاهی,پایداری‌هوازی,سیلاژ‌یونجه,هسته لیمو}, url = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11018.html}, eprint = {https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11018_28d15d88614907192e0218eddcdcc85e.pdf} }