دانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219The determination of the nutritive value of Chlorella Vulgaris by in situ and gas production techniques and it’s an effect on ruminal metabolitesتعیین ارزش غذایی جلبک سبز با استفاده از روش کیسههای نایلونی و تولید گاز و بررسی تأثیر آن روی متابولیتهای شکمبه1121927610.22034/as.2022.34435.1509FAوحیدکردستانچیکارخانه پگاه آذربایجان شرقیشبنمدلیرگروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، شهرستان پارس آباد، ایرانصبانوروزیشرکت سلامت پخش یلداJournal Article20190705Introduction: Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that have the ability to convert sunlight and carbondioxide (CO2) to highly valuable biomass. Algal biomass production has advantages such as use of water that is unsuitable for humans and minimum competition for land with crops. Due to their contents of essential amino acids, fatty acids and other healthpromoting<br />nutrients, microalgae are attractive feeds or feed supplements for livestock .<br />Chlorella vulgaris is a single-celled freshwater microalgae and contains the highest amount of<br />chlorophyll of any common plant, with protein content of about 600 g/kg dry matter (DM) and 18<br />amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals.Moreover, it contains some other important dietarycomponents such as unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), glycoproteins and carotenoids. Chlorella vulgaris contains a phyto-nutrient called Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF), comprised mainly of nucleic acids and other essential substances, with detoxification and antioxidant properties (Han et al. 2002). Rrecent studies (Anele et al. 2016) reported that C. vulgaris improved bacterial growth and a shift in the ruminal biohydrogenation pathway by stimulating production of trans C18:1, trans-11 C18:1 fatty acids, monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Algaes are the simplest organisms with chlorophyll. There are three differences between algae and other plants. First, algae lack root, stem and leave; Secondly, there have no protective cells around the organs or reproductive structures of the algae; thirdly, the fetus does not appear in the algae. Algae is a super feed that can solve the future nutritional problems of the world. Now, regional and global drought and an international catastrophe for food, replacing forage with algae in livestock feed is part of the anti-drought protocol in the field the livestock industry. Algae contain amino acids, vitamins and rare elements that enhance the overall immune system. High chlorophyll content and their phytochemical substances prevent their cellular damage due to their antioxidant function and help them to detoxify the body. Also, algae has lower fat and higher fiber content than other protein sources. Beta-carotene helps these aquatic control the body against various types of malignancies and cardiovascular disease. It is also believed that phacocianine algae strengthens the immune system. Each kilogram of dry algae has 2 grams of pure protein and 2 grams of fiber and the amount of digestible energy in ruminants is 2.66 to 6.62 kcal/gr of dry matter. Various studies of the cell wall resistance of algae against digestion have been reported as one of the main reasons for the reduction of livestock utilization of its carbohydrate resources as energy. This is, of course, one of the major barriers to the practicality and use of algae as a feed ingredient. Objective: This study was carried out to the determination of nutritive value of Chlorella Vulgaris using invivo, nylon bag and gas production techniques in Gizel sheep. Material and methods: Different stages of the experiment were performed at the Animal Feeding Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch. For this purpose, 10 samples were randomly taken from the algae around the Urmia River (Naslochai, Shahrchai, etc.) from different parts of its mass. Then they were mixed and obtained as a blended sample and then the blend sample was air dried and transferred to the Animal Nutrition Laboratory. Samples were prepared after grinding with a 2 mm sieve for chemical analysis and measurement of chemical constituents. Two fistulae Gizel sheep with average BW 50.5±2.5 kg for in situ test and four Gizel sheep with average BW 36 ± 2.5 kg for invivo exam were used in a complete randomized design. In order to adapt the sheep to experimental diets, a 14-day period was considered. The length of the main project period was 7 days. The gas production was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h and ruminal DM and CP disappearance were measured 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. The rumen fluid was prepared from two fistula sheep fed for a month with 60% dietary nutrition and 40% high quality alfalfa. After a week, the main sample was rumen metabolites for protozoan counting. Sampling was done by the esophagus hose. The obtained data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and three replications and analyzed by SAS software. Results: According to the results of this experiment, green algae has a relatively high protein level, and even its protein content is higher than forage and some concentrates. The degradability values of dry matter and crude protein of green algae increased at different times of incubation. Dry matter degradabilities at 48 h was 53.66 and crude protein degradabilities at same times was 46.36. Considering the results of this study, the amount of green algae gas production at different incubation hours is relatively low but increased at different times. The amount of green algae gas produced is relatively low, The gas production of Chlorella Vulgaris at 72 h was 116.99 ml/g DM. In this study, green alga treatment did not have a significant effect on the holotriches, diplodilinium and anthodynium, but resulted in a significant increase in the epidimium population (P <0.05). Conclusion: Results shows that increase ruminal Ipidinium papulation that showed significant differences (p<0.05).Chlorella Vulgaris showed high ruminal degradability as same as alfalfa, and it can be used instead of alfalfa. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, given that the population of microorganisms has increased, green algae can be used as an edible raw material in diet.زمینه مطالعاتی: جلبک یک ابر غذا است که میتواند مشکلات آینده تغذیهی جهان را حل کند و اکنون در آستانه خشکسالی منطقهای و جهانی و کمین فاجعه بینالمللی تغذیه، جایگزینی علوفه با جلبک در غذای دام جزء پروتکل مبارزه با خشکسالی در عرصهی صنعت دام میباشد. هدف: تحقیق حاضر، به منظور تعیین ارزش غذایی جلبک سبز، با روشهای حیوان زنده (in vivo)، کیسههای نایلونیnylon) bag) و روش آزمون گاز (gas test) انجام شد. روش کار: در این پژوهش تعداد دو رأس گوسفند اخته فیستولاگذاری شده (5/2 ±5/50 کیلوگرم)، برای آزمایش in situ و تعداد 4 گوسفند جهت آزمایش حیوان زنده مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. . به منظور عادتپذیری گوسفندان به جیرههای آزمایشی یک دورۀ 14 روزه در نظر گرفته شد. مقدار گاز تولیدی در زمانهای 2، 4، 6، 8، 12، 16، 24، 36، 48 و 72 ساعت و تجزیهپذیری به روش کیسههای نایلونی در زمانهای 0، 4، 8، 12، 16، 24، 36 و 48 ساعت اندازهگیری گردید. اطلاعات حاصله نیز درقالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 2 تیمار و 3 تکرار و با نرمافزار آماری SAS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافتهها: تجزیهپذیری مادهی خشک جلبک سبز در 48 ساعت انکوباسیون 66/53 درصد، تجزیهپذیری پروتئین خام جلبک سبز در 48 ساعت انکوباسیون 36/46 درصد بود، میزان گاز تولیدی جلبک سبز نسبتا پایین است و در 72 ساعت پس از انکوباسیون 99/116 میلیلیتر بر گرم مادهی خشک بود. در این مطالعه، تیمار حاوی جلبک سبز تأثیر معنیداری روی جمعیّت هولوتریش، دیپلودینیوم و انتودینیوم ندارد ولی منجر به افزایش معنی-داری در جمعیّت اپیدینیوم شده است (05/0>P). نتیجهگیری نهایی: نتایج نشان داد، که تیمار حاوی جلبک سبز منجر به افزایش معنیداری در جمعیت اپیدینیوم (105 × 35/1 به جای105 × 75/0 ) گردیده است (05/0 >p). جلبک سبز تجزیهپذیری شکمبهای بالایی همانند علوفهی یونجه دارد و میتواند جایگزین مناسبی برای علوفه یونجه گردد.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19276_8fa8c7f6545020dcef2d6a2ae4a2f6e0.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219A study of the compression and resilience of Zandi sheep wool and their relationship with other fiber propertiesبررسی قابلیت ارتجاع و مقاومت پشم گوسفند نژاد زندی و ارتباط آنها با سایر خصوصیات الیاف13251821910.22034/as.2024.56800.1709FAزینبعمرانی خیابانیانگروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریزسید عباسرافتگروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریزجلیلشجاع غیاثگروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریزحبیبچراغیگروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریزJournal Article20230524In our country, the main goal of sheep breeding is to produce and supply meat, and other products are of secondary importance. In addition, due to the great importance of sheep meat in Iran and on the other hand due to the lack of sufficient information about the industrial breeding of sheep, most of the sheep breeders cross the meat breed with other breeds, which has caused most of the sheep in Iran to develop their own special condition. In terms of production traits, they are lost and become impure. In the past, the Zandi breed of sheep was known as a skin breed, but in recent decades, the meat weight of all the sheep breeds in Iran, As a result of mixing and crossbreeding, different breeding and maintenance methods and different weather conditions, sheep's wool has differences in terms of diameter, length, thickness and other quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Although wool is used in a wide range of uses, the characteristics that are most important are diameter, length, thickness, density, efficiency, fat, resistance, elasticity or reversibility, coefficient of variation, standard deviation. variety of diameter of wool threads, color, modulation and softness factor. Wool weight, staple length, length, fiber diameter, density of follicles and the ratio of secondary to primary follicles are different between breeds and reflect the characteristics of each breed. In general, breeds with higher follicular density produce finer fibers (Pearson et al., 1999). Resistance and elasticity are among the important features of carpet creams and also the production of fur from the skin of the Zandi breed, which have been investigated in this research.<br />In order to investigate some characteristics of Zandi sheep wool, information from the breeding station of Zandi sheep was used to identify and evaluate the factors affecting wool fiber characteristics in Zandi sheep of Jihad Agriculture of Tehran (Khajir station). This information includes animal number, wool sample number, gender, year and month of birth of the animal, type of birth (single or twin). A number of 105 sheep of the Zendi breed were sampled in two consecutive years . Then, in the wool and leather technology laboratory, a number of traits were evaluated on the wool samples. Data analysis was done using SAS statistical software and phenotypic correlation between traits and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated for wool traits. The length of the staple was determined according to Iran's standard number 1941. This step was performed in accordance with ASTM standard No. D2130 (Farhoush, 2012). After drying the wool samples, a portion of the wool that had been degreased was cut. In order to measure the diameter of the types of threads in the tested sample, the microscopic reflection method and the microprojector device were used. The microprojector is equipped with a 12/5 eyepiece lens and an X40 objective lens that creates a precise image with X500 magnification. <br />The aim was to study some characteristics on Zandi sheep’s breed and the effect of various factors on wool quality including sex, year of birth, birth month, type of birth and the year of sampling. Samples were taken from 105 Zandi sheep during two years. The analysis were carried out with SAS Statistical software. Phenotypic correlation between characteristics and Pearson correlation coefficient were calculated for wool characteristics. Furthermore, the regression between compression and resilience, as new traits of Zandi sheep, were examined for wool characteristics and linear pattern was obtained for compression. The mean and standard deviation for staple length (SL), mean fiber diameter (MFD), standard deviation of fiber diameter (SDF), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (FDCV), sampling variance (SV), kemp fiber (KF), hair fiber (HF), colorful fiber (CF), fiber less than or equal to 30 microns, compression, resilience and medulation fiber (MF) were equal to 6.32 ± 1.28 cm, 31.36 ± 2.76 μ, 10.43 ± 2.02, 32.95 ± 6.05 %, 113.05 ± 43.3, 0.68 ± 0.96 %, 1.63 ± 2.71 %, 45.24 ± 26.68 %, 49.04 ± 12.73 %, 37.56 ± 7.05%, 92.81 ± 3.77 %, 47.34 ± 26.51 %, respectively. The variance analysis was carried out for year of birth, birth month, sex, type of birth and the year of sampling on above mentioned wool characteristics and between them, the effect year of sampling on compression and the effect of sex on SL was significant. The type of birth had no significant effect on any of the wool characteristics. The correlation coefficient between fiber less than or equal to 30 microns with fiber diameter was -0.86. The correlation coefficient between staple length with fiber diameter, variance, standard deviation and fiber less than or equal to 30 microns and was calculated as 0.35, 0.24, 0.26 and -26.0 respectively. Correlation coefficient between compression with fiber diameter and coefficient of variation of fibre diameter were calculated as -0.22 and 0.26, respectively. Regression between compression with fiber diameter was 0.01. The results indicated that Zandi sheep wool has some useful characteristics to use in sheep breeding programs in comparison with other native sheep breeds.<br />The obtained results show the relative fineness of the wool of Zandi sheep compared to other native breeds of the country and having a high breeding capacity in Zandi sheep and phenotypic diversity for proper exploitation. Correlated responses between traits can be used in genomic scanning programs and selection programs. In general, in research and breeding centers, correct recording and recording of data on wool traits seems necessary. Considering that the percentage of colored fibers is high in the Zandi breed and the optimal color for the wool used in carpet weaving is white, more attention should be paid to the correction of the color of the wool in this breed.مقاومت و قابلیت ارتجاع پشم از جمله خواصی است که در پشم های مورد مصرف در قالی های با رج شمار پایین حایز اهمیت بوده و در دوام و ماندگاری فرش های دستبافت پشمی تاثیر گذار است. شناسایی این خصوصیات در نژادهای گوسفند ایران ، محققین اصلاح نژاد گوسفند را قادر خواهد ساخت تا در برنامه های ژنتیک و بهبود ژنتیکی نژادهای خاص با هدف تولید پشم این تحقیق به منظور بررسی برخی از خصوصیات پشم گوسفندان نژاد زندی انجام شد. به منظور بررسی قابلیت ارتجاع و مقاومت پشم و ارتباط آنها با برخی از خصوصیات پشم گوسفندان نژاد زندی از تعداد 105 گوسفند نژاد زندی طی دو سال متوالی نمونه برداری انجام شد. سپس در آزمایشگاه تکنولوژی پشم و پوست، تعدادی از صفات روی نمونههای پشم مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماریSAS انجام گرفت و همبستگی فنوتیپی میان صفات و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون برای صفات پشم محاسبه شد. میانگین و انحراف معیار اندازه گیری شده برای صفات طول استاپل، قطر تارهای پشم، انحراف استاندارد قطر پشم، ضریب تغییرات قطر، واریانس قطر، درصد الیاف کمپ، درصد الیاف مو، درصد الیاف رنگی، درصد الیاف زیر30 میکرون، مقاومت، برگشت پذیری و درصد الیاف مدولایی به ترتیب برابر بود با 28/1 ± 32/6 سانتی متر، 76/2 ± 36/31 میکرون، 02/2 ± 43/10، 05/6 ± 95/32 درصد، 3/43 ± 05/113، 96/0 ± 68/0 درصد، 71/2 ± 63/1 درصد، 68/26 ± 24/45 درصد، 73/12 ±49/04درصد، 05/7 ± 56/37 درصد، 77/3 ± 81/92 درصد و 51/26 ± 34/47 درصد. ضریب همبستگی میان درصد الیاف زیر 30 میکرون با قطر تار برابر با 86/0- بود(P<0.01). ضریب همبستگی میان طول استاپل با قطر تار، واریانس، انحراف استاندارد و درصد الیاف زیر 30 میکرون معنی دار و به ترتیب 35/0، 24/0، 26/0 و 26/0- بدست آمد. همچنین ضریب همبستگی میان صفت مقاومت با قطر تار و ضریب تغییرات قطر معنی دار بود و به ترتیب 22/0- و 26/0 بدست آمد. ویژگی های مقاومت و قابلیت ارتجاع از جمله خصوصیات مورد نیاز در خامه قالی های دست باقت مورد مصرف در قالی های رجشمار پایین است که بایستی در نژادهای گوسفند پشمی داخل کشور مطالعه و مورد بهره برداری در اصلاح ژنتیکی قرار گیرد. نتایج حاصل نشان دهنده ظرافت نسبی پشم گوسفند زندی در مقایسه با سایر نژادهای بومی کشور و داشتن ظرفیت بالای اصلاح نژادی در گوسفند زندی جهت بهره برداری مناسب می باشد.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18219_9833119ab405998218e21f2b0a142b9d.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219Genetic diversity of Bahmaei sheep breed using microsatellite analysisتنوع ژنتیکی گوسفند نژاد بهمئی با استفاده از نشانگر ریزماهواره27391927110.22034/as.2024.60520.1730FAمصطفیمحقق دولت آبادیگروه علوم دامی، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوجالههفهیمیگروه علوم دامی، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوججوادحبیبی زادگروه علوم دامی، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوجJournal Article20240211Introduction In Iran, sheep are one of the important farm animals for a variety of products (milk, meat, and wool), and their important role as a sacrificial animal in many religious ceremonies. Genetic variation in economic traits is the basis of breeding programs in sheep and the lack of diversity in the base population has the limiting effect on selection power to meet unpredictable needs in the future. Generally, microsatellites are considered codominant and highly polymorphic markers and have quickly become one of the best molecular markers to estimate genetic diversity in different livestock species. In recent years, several studies have been reported the use of microsatellites to determine genetic diversity, population structure, genetic differentiation and phylogenetic reconstruction with the aim of identifying endangered populations and also developing genetic conservation strategies in sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the Bahmaei sheep breed in the Kuhgiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran using 10 microsatellite markers.<br />Materials and methods In this study, blood samples were collected from 20 non-related animals of the Bahmaei sheep breed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. DNA was extracted from samples using the Takapouzist Kit (BiONEER), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The genetic variation of obtained samples was investigated using 10 different microsatellite markers. Microsatellite loci were selected from different chromosomes of the genome to reduce the possibility of linkage between the loci and to obtain an appropriate genetic variation estimation due to the same dispersion of markers on different chromosomes. PCR amplification was performed at a reaction volume of 25 µL. The final concentration of reaction mixtures contained 1 unit Taq DNA polymerase enzyme, 200 μM of each dNTP, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 18 pm of each primer, 50 ng DNA, and 2.5 mM 10× buffer, for all the microsatellite markers. After performing the PCR, the amplified DNA fragments were separated by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Then, the alleles were characterized by silver nitrate staining. The allele frequencies for all loci, observed (Na) and effective number of alleles (Ne) per locus, expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), Shannon's information index (I) as a measure of genetic variation, and Deviation from Hardy Weinberg's equilibrium were estimated by Chi-square test and Wright's index (F) using the GenAIEx 6.5 software. The polymorphism information content (PIC) for each locus was estimated using PowerMarker software.<br />Results and discussions<br />A total of 108 alleles were found in 10 microsatellite loci. The highest and lowest allele numbers were for BM6444 and ETH10 loci, respectively. In Qashqai Lak sheep, a total of 88 alleles were identified for the same number of 10 loci, and TGLA53 and ETH10 loci showed the maximum and minimum number of alleles with 15 and 2 alleles, respectively (Salehi and Muhaghegh, 2015).<br />The mean observed heterozygosity was more than expected for all loci. Based on the results, the observed heterozygosity at all loci was 1.0. The expected heterozygosity range in the 10 studied loci was from 0.55 to 0.91, the highest of which is related to BM6444, and the smallest is ETH10. The highest unbiased expected heterozygosity was for BM6444 and the lowest was for ETH10. The mean observed, expected, and unbiased expected heterozygosity were 1, 0.81, and 0.83, respectively, indicating a high level of heterozygosity in the analyzed population. The average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) for all loci was 0.79 for 10 microsatellites. The PIC for all investigated markers was higher than 0.5 in 7 breeds of Montenegrin sheep, ranging from 0.60 (INRA172a) to 0.93 (CP49a), so they can be considered to contain high PIC (Marković et al. 2022). In this study, by comparing the Shannon index among the 10 markers, all of which were polymorphic. The highest value of the Shannon index was related to the BM6444 marker with the highest allele number and the lowest value of the Shannon index was for the ETH10 marker with the lowest allele number. The average Shannon index was also high for all loci, indicating the high polymorphism of these loci and confirming the high genetic variation. In two breeds of Bulgarian sheep, the average Shannon index for both populations was 1.79, and the highest and lowest index values were obtained for McM042 and INRA005 loci, respectively (Odjakova et al. 2023). Negative or near zero values of Wright's index for loci indicate that there is a cross between animals whose kinship relationship is less than the average relative relationship of the corresponding population. Tests of genotype frequencies for deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at each locus, revealed a significant departure from HWE for all loci (p<0.001). In 13 Colombian sheep breeds, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests for 11 microsatellite markers showed significant deviations (P<0.05), which indicated heterozygous deficiency in each breed (Ocampo et al. 2016).<br />Conclusion In this research, the genetic diversity of Bahamei sheep breed was investigated using 10 microsatellite markers. The results of the present research indicate the basic information about the genetic diversity in the Bahamai sheep, one of the native sheep of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. The studied population showed high genetic diversity through the high number of effective alleles, mean number of alleles, heterozygosity and PIC values. Therefore, the results reported in this study can provide useful indicators for developing more in-depth studies with more accurate sampling of sheep and increasing the sample size to determine appropriate conservation and breeding priorities, especially considering its potential economic and cultural importance.<br />Keywords: Bahmaei sheep, Genetic variation, microsatelliteتنوع ژنتیکی در صفات اقتصادی، اساس برنامههای اصلاحی در گوسفند است و نبود تنوع در جمعیتهای پایه باعث محدودیت قدرت انتخاب برای رفع نیازهای غیر قابل پیش بینی در آینده است. ریزماهوارهها به عنوان نشانگرهای همبارز و دارای چند شکلی بالا، به سرعت به عنوان بهترین نشانگرهای مولکولی جهت برآورد تنوع ژنتیکی در گونه های متفاوت دامهای اهلی شدهاند. در این مطالعه نیز، تنوع ژنتیکی گوسفند بهمئی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد با استفاده از10جایگاه ریزماهواره مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس مقادیر تنوع آللی، شاخص محتوای اطلاعات چندشکلی(PIC)، هتروزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار، هتروزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده، شاخص شانون و تعادل هاردی واینبرگ محاسبه شد. در مجموع 108 آلل در 10 جایگاه مورد بررسی شناسایی شد که بیشترین تعداد آلل متعلق به جایگاه BM6444 و کمترین تعداد آلل مربوط به جایگاه ETH10 بود. همچنین، میانگین تعداد آلل برای کل جایگاهها برابر 8/10 بود. دامنه تعداد آلل موثر برای ریزماهوارهها در محدوده 21/2 الی27/11 با میانگینی برابر 51/6 بود. متوسط هتروزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده در همه جایگاهها بیشتر از هتروزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار بود. میانگین محتوای اطلاعات چندشکلی (PIC) ریزماهوارهها 79/0 بود و ریزماهواره های ILSTS011 و ETH10 به ترتیب دارای حداکثر و حداقل محتوای اطلاعات چند شکلی بودند. ریزماهواره ETH10 علاوه بر داشتن کمترین تعداد آلل، محتوای اطلاعات چند شکلی حداقل (44/0) را در بین جایگاه ها آشکار ساخت. بیشترین مقدار شاخص شانون مربوط به جایگاه BM6444 با بیشترین تعداد آلل و کمترین مقدار نیز از آن جایگاه ETH10 با کمترین تعداد آلل بود. همچنین میانگین شاخص شانون نیز در جمعیت مورد مطالعه بالا بود (98/1). آزمون مربع کای به منظور بررسی تعادل هاردی واینبرگ برای تمام جایگاهها در سطح جمعیت انجام شد و نتایج حاصل در تمامی جایگاهها انحراف بسیار معنیداری را از تعادل نشان دادند (001/0P<). بطور کلی، نتایج پارامترهای تنوع برآورد شده بیانگر تنوع بالای جمعیت گوسفند بهمئی مورد مطالعه میباشد.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19271_e0df50c68f0791be3cc2c673c0a1e4e9.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219Assessment of clinical and hematological changes in sheep pneumonia following vitamin supplement therapy.ارزیابی تغییرات بالینی و خونشناسی، طی درمان پنومونی گوسفندان با مکمل های ویتامینی41601926910.22034/as.2024.61378.1740FAامیرمسعودیگروه بیماریهای درونی و کلینیکال پاتولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایرانقادرجلیل زاده امینگروه بیماریهای درونی و کلینیکال پاتولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایرانبهرامدلیر نقدهگروه بیماریهای درونی و کلینیکال پاتولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایرانسیامکعصریرضاییگروه بیماریهای درونی و کلینیکال پاتولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایرانJournal Article20240426Introduction: Pneumonia is a significant health concern in sheep, particularly lambs, characterized by inflammation in the lungs in response to infectious agents affecting bronchioles and alveoli. It is a prevalent condition in sheep populations worldwide (Goodwin et al., 2004). Vitamin C, an essential physiological antioxidant in the immune system, plays a crucial role in protecting host cells from oxidative stress induced by infections. Its high concentration in phagocytes and lymphocytes compared to plasma levels suggests its importance in immune cell function. Vitamin C has been shown to enhance phagocyte activity, T lymphocyte proliferation, interferon production, and decrease viral replication in various experimental settings (Hamila, 2006). Animal studies have demonstrated that vitamin C supplementation can increase resistance to viral and bacterial infections. Furthermore, many infections, including pneumonia, are associated with reduced levels of vitamin C in plasma, leukocytes, and urine (Hamila, 2006). Thiamine is another essential component involved in cellular metabolism, participating in mitochondrial oxidative decarboxylation and glycolytic pathways (Nazir et al., 2019). Patients with septic shock often exhibit thiamine deficiency, which can be attributed to either deficiency or increased loss due to overdose (Donino et., 2010). This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of administering ascorbic acid and thiamine alongside oxytetracycline and tylosin in the treatment of sheep pneumonia as a safe and beneficial approach. The analysis focuses on examining alterations in clinical symptoms and blood parameters to monitor pneumonia improvement.<br />Materials and Methods:<br />Twenty 8–12-month-old male sheep with respiratory disease were selected for this study and randomly assigned to four treatment groups: A, B, C, and D. Additionally, five healthy sheep were designated as the control group and received normal saline solution. Group A was administered an antibiotic regimen consisting of oxytetracycline (Oxyvet 10%; hops, Karaj, Alborz, Iran) at a dosage of 11 mg/kg body weight and tylosin (Tylosin 20%; hops, Karaj, Alborz, Iran) intramuscularly at a dose of 18 mg/kg body weight over five days. Group B, in addition to the antibiotics received by Group A, was given thiamine hydrochloride or vitamin B1 (B-ject®; Nasr, Fariman, Khorasan Razavi, Iran) intravenously for five days at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (Constable et al., 2016). Group C received ascorbic acid or vitamin C (Vitamin C®; Darou Pakhsh, Tehran, Iran) intravenously for five days at 2.5 g per sheep (Black and Hirdoglu,1996). Group D received a combination of antibiotics, thiamine, and ascorbic acid concurrently. Blood samples were collected from the sheep on the first, third, sixth, and fourteenth days of clinical evaluation for analysis of the blood panel. The effects of the interventions were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). In cases where the overall ANOVA indicated significant statistical differences, paired comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni post hoc test. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered for all statistical analyses.<br />Results and Discussion:<br />Throughout the treatment period, all groups of animals exhibited clinical improvement characterized by a reduction in respiratory rate, heart rate, body temperature, and other pneumonia-related symptoms. Groups C and D demonstrated a more rapid resolution of shortness of breath and cessation of nasal discharge compared to the other groups. This accelerated response in groups C and D could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory properties of thiamine and vitamin C, which are known to inhibit prooxidative and cytokine activities with anti-inflammatory effects (Mohammadi and Rezaei, 2019; Chen & Wissen, 2020). Additionally, vitamin C has been shown to enhance the clearance of alveolar fluid by preventing active neutrophil accumulation in the alveolar spaces (Fischer et al., 2011). This control of inflammatory processes by thiamine and vitamin C likely contributed to the improvement in clinical symptoms observed in animals with pneumonia, ultimately leading to the resolution of symptoms and reversal of appetite loss.<br />Following treatment, a significant decrease in the total number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils was observed across all treatment groups (P<0.05), with the D group exhibiting the most pronounced reduction. This study demonstrated that the concurrent administration of vitamin C, thiamine, and antibiotics expedited the healing process in the treated animals, resulting in a faster reduction in blood neutrophil counts. Sheep receiving thiamine supplementation showed more effective neutrophil responses in eliminating infectious agents compared to those without thiamine supplementation (Mohammadi and Rezaee, 2019). Vitamin C, in addition to enhancing the chemotaxis, supported lymphocyte function, facilitated phagocytosis and aided in the intracellular destruction of bacteria (Wilson, 2013). <br />In terms of hematological parameters, a significant decrease (P<0.05) was observed in the total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular conclusion (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values, while the platelet count increased to a normal level in the herd. The initial reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels in animals with pneumonia on the first day of the study may be attributed to dehydration, which is common in infected lambs due to decreased appetite, sweating from fever, and fluid loss resulting from lung inflammation (Pesanita et al., 2020). Following treatment, as appetite and hydration were restored in the animals, a decrease in RBC count and subsequent reductions in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were observed across all treatment groups. In cases of chronic pneumonia, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-3, and TNF-α can disrupt the iron cycle, reducing erythrocyte and hemoglobin production by retaining iron in bone marrow macrophages (Trawl et al., 2012). However, in pneumonia-induced hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion may contribute to heightened erythrocyte production (Trawl et al., 2012).<br />Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the combination of ascorbic acid and thiamine, along with antibiotics, proved to be more effective in treating respiratory diseases in sheep, accelerating the healing process. This combination therapy demonstrated significant reductions in white blood cell counts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, with the D group showing the most substantial decrease. The administration of ascorbic acid and thiamine in conjunction with antibiotics resulted in a faster resolution of clinical symptoms, particularly in alleviating shortness of breath and nasal discharge. These vitamins' anti-inflammatory properties likely played a crucial role in controlling inflammatory processes and enhancing immune cell function, leading to the improvement in clinical symptoms. Additionally, hematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices were significantly altered following treatment, reflecting the impact of the therapy on various physiological functions. This study highlights the potential of utilizing ascorbic acid and thiamine in combination with antibiotics as a cost-effective and safe treatment approach for respiratory diseases in sheep.زمینه مطالعاتی وهدف: در این پژوهش اثربخشی تجویز اسید اسکوربیک و تیامین همراه با اکسی تتراسایکلین، تایلوزین در درمان پنومونی گوسفند به عنوان یک روش ایمن و مفید، با استفاده از بررسی تغییرات در نشانه های درمانگاهی و تابلوی خونی در نظارت بر بهبود پنومونی مطالعه گردیده است. <br />روش کار: در این مطالعه، 20 راس گوسفند نر 8 تا 12 ماهه مبتلا به بیماری تنفسی شناسایی و به طور تصادفی به چهار گروه درمانی A، B، C و D تقسیم شدند. پنج راس گوسفند سالم، به عنوان گروه کنترل انتخاب شد. گروه A با اکسی تتراسایکلین و تایلوزین، گروه B با اکسی تتراسایکلین، تایلوزین و تیامین، گروه C با اکسی تتراسایکلین، تایلوزین و اسید آسکوربیک و گروه D با اکسی تتراسایکلین، تایلوزین، اسید آسکوربیک و تیامین به مدت 5 روز تحت درمان قرار گرفتند. در روزهای اول، سوم، ششم و چهاردهم ضمن ارزیابی بالینی، نمونه خون گوسفندان جمعآوری و تابلوی خونی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.<br />نتایج: طی دوره درمانی، حیوانات تحت مطالعه در همه گروهها بهبود بالینی را با کاهش تعداد تنفس، ضربان قلب، دمای بدن و برطرف شدن سایر نشانههای پنومونی نشان دادند، اما در گروههای C و D رفع تنگی نفس و قطع کامل ترشحات بینی نسبت به سایر گروهها سریعتر مشاهده گردید. در اثر درمان، تعداد تام گلبولهای سفید، لنفوسیتها و نوتروفیلها در همه گروهها کاهش یافت (P<0.05) و گروه D بیشترین کاهش را نشان داد. تعداد تام گلبولهای قرمز، هموگلوبین، هماتوکریت و مقادیر MCV، MCH وMCHC در همه گروهها کاهش (P<0.05) و تعداد پلاکتها تا سطح نرمال گله افزایش یافت. <br />تیجهگیری نهایی: بر اساس نتایج مطالعه حاضراسید اسکوربیک و تیامین در همراهی با آنتیبیوتیکها در مقایسه با زمانیکه دو آنتیبیوتیک به تنهایی مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند در درمان مؤثرتر بوده و روند بهبودی را تسریع می-بخشند و میتوانند به عنوان رژیمهای درمانی موثر، ارزان و ایمن در بیماریهای مختلف تنفسی گوسفندان مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19269_01e0af4a9e44ca27916774c87054e4eb.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219Effects of different chlorine to sodium ratios in the starter diet on performance, yolk sac absorption, carcass characteristics, crop filling, and behavioral observations in broiler chicksاثرات نسبتهای مختلف کلر: سدیم در جیرهی آغازین بر عملکرد، جذب کیسه زرده، خصوصیات لاشه، پر شدگی چینه دان و مشاهدات رفتاری در جوجههای گوشتی جوان61791851110.22034/as.2024.62329.1746FAهاشم محمدابراهیمدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیهسیناپیوستگاناستادیار گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه ارومیهسید علیمیر قلنجدانشیار گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیهغلامرضانجفیدانشیار گروه علوم پایه دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه ارومیهسید میثمابطحی فروشانیگروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایرانJournal Article20240702Introduction: Sodium and chlorine deficiencies lead to a significant reduction in osmotic pressure, resulting in water loss, dehydration, and ultimately, a severe decrease in bird performance (Chen et al., 2023). Increased levels of chlorine and sodium also cause reduced voluntary feed intake, wet litter, interference with normal functions, and toxicity (Yu et al., 2022). The National Research Council recommends sodium and chlorine levels for optimal growth during the starter (0-21 days), grower (22-43 days), and finisher (43-56 days) phases as 0.2%, 0.15%, and 0.12%, respectively (NRC, 1994). The Ross 308 strain guide also suggests sodium and chlorine levels of 0.18%-0.23% during different rearing phases (Aviagen, 2022). While various reports address the effects of different chlorine and sodium levels in broiler chickens, the effects of the chlorine to sodium ratio in broilers have not been examined. The Ross 308 strain recommends a chlorine to sodium ratio between 1:1 and 1.3:1 (Aviagen, 2022). The Hy-Line strain recommends a chlorine to sodium ratio of 1:1 to 1.1:1 in hot seasons (Hy-Line, 2016). Aviagen's technical report also states that chlorine levels in the diet should not exceed 10% above the sodium levels (Kretzschmar-McCluskey et al., 2014). The Hubbard strain nutritional guide recommends a chlorine to sodium ratio range of 1.1:1 to 1.3:1 (Hubbard, 2022). The stimulatory role of sodium and chlorine on feed and water intake has been observed in previous studies (Wang et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022). However, the potential role of the chlorine to sodium ratio on performance during the starter phase of broiler chicks has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of different chlorine to sodium ratios in the starter diet on performance, yolk sac absorption, carcass characteristics, crop filling, and behavioral observations in young broiler chicks.<br />Material and methods: A total of 420 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 6 replicates, and 14 chicks per replicate. The experimental diets including: 1) starter diet with a chlorine to sodium ratio of 1:1, 2) starter diet with a chlorine to sodium ratio of 1.1:1, 3) starter diet with a chlorine to sodium ratio of 1.2:1, 4) starter diet with a chlorine to sodium ratio of 1.3:1, and 5) starter diet with a chlorine to sodium ratio of 1.4:1. The experimental diets were fed only from days 1 to 10. Average body weight gain, average feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (adjusted for mortality if observed) were calculated for the starter phase (1-10 days) and the entire period (1-30 days). Water consumption was monitored from days 1 to 7, and the water-to-feed consumption ratio was calculated for this period. Feed and water consumption behaviors were recorded at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after chick placement in each pen. Crop filling tests were conducted at 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after chick placement. On days 3 and 5 of the experiment, 2 chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and euthanized using carbon dioxide gas. They were then transported to the carcass separation facility for the dissection of carcass components and internal organs. Additionally, on days 3 and 5 of the experiment, the yolk sacs were separated and weighed using a high-precision scale with an accuracy of 0.001 grams. All data were analyzed using the ANOVA option of the general linear model of SAS software. Significant differences between treatment means were determined by Tukey's multiple range test. Differences in means were regarded as significant at P < 0.05. A polynomial regression analysis was also employed to predict the effect of the different chlorine to sodium ratios on various parameters tested. <br />Results and discussion: The results of the present study showed that increasing the chloride to sodium ratio in the diet led to a linear increase in body weight gain during days 1-10 (P<0.01) and 1-30 (P<0.05). In line with the results of the present study, Chen et al. (2020) reported that chloride levels of 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25% resulted in linear and quadratic improvements in body weight gain. The observed increase in body weight with the higher chloride to sodium ratio in the present study can be attributed to increased feed and water intake (Yu et al., 2022). Additionally, increasing the chloride to sodium ratio also led to a linear increase in feed intake during the 1-10-day period (P<0.05). Wang et al. (2020) also observed that increasing the chloride level in the diet from 0.06% to 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25% led to linear and quadratic increases in feed intake in laying hens from 43 to 54 weeks of age. These researchers attributed the observed increase in feed intake following the increase in dietary chloride levels to the inhibition of the effect of metabolic alkalosis on feed intake (Wang et al., 2020). Carcass yield, relative weights of the liver, small intestine, spleen, pancreas (P<0.05), bursa (P<0.05), and cecum also increased linearly with an increase in the dietary chloride to sodium ratio at 5 days of age (P<0.01). Moreover, the residual yolk sac decreased significantly in a linear manner with an increase in the dietary chloride to sodium ratio during 3 (P<0.01) and 5 (P<0.05) days of age. One of the primary factors influencing yolk sac absorption is the motility and peristaltic movements in the small intestine (van Der Wagt et al., 2020). Yolk sac absorption depends on feed intake, as increased feed consumption accelerates peristaltic movements, stimulating the discharge and absorption of the yolk sac in the small intestine (Mikec et al., 2006). At 10 days of age, plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride increased linearly with an increase in the dietary chloride to sodium ratio (P<0.01), while the concentration of potassium decreased linearly (P<0.05). <br />Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that increasing the chloride to sodium ratio in the starter diet stimulates feed intake, leading to faster yolk sac absorption, improved weight gain, and better organ development in young broiler chicks.زمینه مطالعاتی: نقش تحریکی سدیم و کلر بر مصرف خوراک و آب در مطالعات پیشین معین گردیده است. با این وجود، نقش احتمالی نسبت کلر: سدیم بر عملکرد دروهی آغازین جوجههای گوشتی تاکنون مورد بررسی قرار نگرفته است. هدف: هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی اثرات نسبتهای مختلف کلر: سدیم در جیرهی آغازین بر عملکرد، جذب کیسه زرده، خصوصیات لاشه، پر شدگی چینه دان و مشاهدات رفتاری جوجههای گوشتی جوان میباشد. روش کار: برای این منظور، تعداد 420 قطعه جوجه خروس گوشتی یکروزه سویه راس 308 در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و 6 تکرار و 14 جوجه در هر تکرار مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل نسبتهای 1، 1/1، 2/1، 3/1 و 4/1 کلر: سدیم در جیرهی آغازین جوجههای گوشتی جوان بود. تغذیه جیرههای آزمایشی تنها در 1-10 روزگی صورت گرفت. نتایج: نتایج مطالعهی حاضر نشان داد افزایش نسبت کلر: سدیم در جیره موجب افزایش خطی افزایش وزن بدن طی 10-1 (01/0>P) و 1-30 (05/0>P) روزگی گردید. همچنین افزایش نسبت کلر: سدیم مصرف خوراک را نیز در دورهی 10-1 روزگی به شکل خطی افزایش داد (05/0>P). بازده لاشه، اوزان نسبی کبد، رودهی باریک، طحال، پانکراس (05/0>P)، بورس (05/0>P) و سکوم نیز با افزایش نسبت کلر: سدیم جیره در سن 5 روزگی افزایش خطی یافتند (01/0>P). بعلاوه باقیمانده کیسهی زرده به شکل خطی با افزایش نسبت کلر: سدیم جیره طی سنین 3 (01/0>P) و 5 (05/0>P) روزگی کاهش معنیدار یافت. در سن 10 روزگی غلظت سدیم وکلر پلاسما با افزایش نسبت کلر: سدیم جیره افزایش خطی یافت (01/0>P)، درحالیکه غلظت پتاسیم به شکل خطی کاهش یافت (05/0>P). نتیجهگیری نهایی: بطور کلی میتوان نتیجه گرفت افزایش نسبت کلر: سدیم جیرهی آغازین با تحریک مصرف خوراک موجب مصرف سریعتر کیسه زرده، بهبود وزن گیری و تکامل بهتر اندامهای بدن در جوجههای گوشتی جوان گردید.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18511_8f447e3adb93871203ed28b992667bd6.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219Investigating the effect of processing with autoclave and centrifuge methods on the nutritional value of dried rumen fluid using spray drying methodبررسی اثر فرآیند کردن با روشهای اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ بر ارزش تغذیهای مایع شکمبه خشک شده با استفاده از روش خشک کردن پاششی81921883910.22034/as.2024.58541.1720FAحسینعبدی بنماراستاد گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیفریبارضائی سرتشنیزیدانش آموخته دکترای علوم دامیJournal Article20230921Introduction: Slaughterhouse rumen fluid contains microbial proteins, volatile fatty acids, microorganisms, vitamins and minerals. Rumen fluid has a very diverse population of bacteria and other microorganisms. Rumen bacteria have a thick bacterial polysaccharide (BPS) coating, so this fluid contains hundreds of bacterial polysaccharide molecules. Rumen fluid activity does not appear to be highly dependent on the diet. Bacterial polysaccharides are potent antigens and remain active even after autoclaving (Muscato et al., 2002). On the other hand, it contains high levels of ammonia and phosphorus, which, when disposed of in slaughterhouses, cause environmental pollution. Its nutrients cause eutrophication when excreted in soil and waterways. It is therefore important to find consistent uses of ruminal fluid (Trit and Schuchardt, 1992). The benefits of recycling these wastes are firstly reducing environmental pollution and secondly producing a feed source for ruminants (Mundal et al., 2013.( Muscato et al. (2000) suggested the autoclave method at 121°C for 40 minutes to destroy pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid, which prevents the transfer of pathogens and disease-causing agents to healthy animals. Centrifugation can also be used to reduce odors and suspended substances. One of the methods that makes it easier to transport, store, check, and mix and distribute the rumen liquid in small amounts in the feed formulation is to dry it. Spray drying has recently been used to dry biologically active compounds (Tribizenk et al. 1997). It is a simple, fast, and economical technique for obtaining powder from a solution or a liquid suspension (such as an enzyme suspension) (Bajsic and Kranjsevik 2001). This method is widely used in the pharmaceutical and dairy industries to dry milk, whey, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes (DeVos et al. 2010). Spray drying changes the liquid to a solid form and causes transport, storage, easy examination, and uniform mixing and distribution in food formulations in small amounts (Tan et al. 2005). Therefore, this research will investigate the effect of processing with autoclave and centrifuge methods on the nutritional value of dried rumen liquid using a spray dryer.<br />Materials and methods: The rumen fluid was taken from the slaughterhouse to the laboratory and was smoothed using a 4-layer linen cloth. From an unprocessed rumen fluid sample, one sample was autoclaved at 121°C for 40 minutes to prevent pathogen transmission, another sample of rumen fluid was centrifuged for 10 minutes at a speed of 1000 rpm to separate the suspended material and reduce its odor. The other sample was first autoclaved and then centrifuged. Finally, all samples were dried by spray drying method. Therefore, experimental treatments include: 1- fresh rumen fluid (FRF); 2- fresh rumen fluid dried by spray drying method (SFRF); 3- fresh rumen fluid autoclaved and dried by spray drying method (SAFRF); 4 - Fresh rumen fluid centrifuged and dried by spray drying method (SCFRF); 5- Fresh rumen fluid was autoclaved, centrifuged and dried by spray drying method (SCAFRF). AOAC (2000) method was used to determine the chemical composition (percentage of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash) in the tested samples. The method of Agarwal et al. (2000) was used to determine the concentration of carboxymethylcellulase, microcrystalline cellulose, amylase and filter paper activity. A gas chromatography device (Varian Inc., Walnut Creek, Canada) was used to measure the concentration of volatile fatty acids in it. The concentration of macro and micro elements and heavy metals, after removing ash from the samples, was determined with an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (Genesis model, manufactured by Spectro, Germany).<br />Results and discussion: There is a statistically significant difference between fresh rumen liquid and rumen liquid autoclaved and centrifuged and dried by spray drying method in terms of chemical compounds (P<0.01). So far, there is no report about the processes of autoclaving and centrifugation on the chemical composition of dried rumen fluid. In a report, they reported 5.83, 15.52, 5.17, and 11 percent of moisture, crude protein, ether extract, and ash in the dried digestate of slaughtered sheep, respectively (Sakaba et al., 2017). Although the increase in the percentage of dry matter and crude protein is not important for a feed additive in livestock, but this increase shows that these processes did not reduce the chemical compounds of the rumen liquid. The activity of carboxymethylcellulase, avisalase, amylase and filter paper enzyme activity was the highest in rumen liquid dried by spray drying method (P<0.01) and the lowest in rumen liquid autoclaved, centrifuged and dried by spray drying method. In this research, autoclaving was used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms in rumen fluid and centrifugation was used to remove suspended substances and reduce odor. It is expected that by autoclaving at 121°C for 40 minutes, the activity of enzymes will decrease to zero due to their protein nature, but the autoclaved treatments had more enzyme activity than the centrifuged one, and even with autoclaving and centrifugation, the activity of polysaccharides degrading enzymes have not reached zero. The concentration of volatile fatty acids was significantly affected by autoclave and centrifugation processes. In this research, centrifugation increased the concentration of volatile fatty acids in several cases and even autoclaving did not have a statistically significant difference with fresh rumen fluid in several cases The concentration of mineral elements was significantly affected by the treatments .By using autoclave and centrifuge methods, the concentration of most measured minerals increased significantly. Yu et al. (2013) reported that the rumen fluid is rich in mineral elements and can be used as an additive, so by autoclaving and centrifuging, the concentration of most mineral elements increases, and on the other hand, pathogenic microorganisms and suspended substances and odor also decreases.<br />Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the autoclaving process was effective in eliminating the pathogenic microorganisms of the rumen fluid. With centrifuge-autoclave processes, the various enzymes were still active. The use of the centrifugation process was more effective than autoclave in maintaining the concentration of volatile fatty acids. Also, autoclave processing reduced the concentration of volatile fatty acids that have a low boiling point, and the simultaneous use of these two processes increased the concentration of most volatile fatty acids compared to fresh rumen fluid. Also, using these two processes, the concentration of most of the macro and micro elements increased. Therefore, centrifugation and autoclaving are recommended to remove suspended substances, reduce odor, and also eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid.زمینه مطالعاتی: با توجه به تولید مقادیر زیادی مایع شکمبه در کشتارگاهها و اثرات آن بر محیط زیست، با عمل فرآوری میتوان علاوه بر حذف آلودگی زیست محیطی آن، امکان تولید یک افزودنی خوراکی جهت استفاده در تغذیه دام را فراهم کرد. هدف: از بین بردن میکروارگانیسمهای بیماریزا و مواد معلق و همچنین کاهش بو با روشهای اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ و همچنین بررسی ارزش تغذیهای آن بعد از این انجام فرآیندها میباشد. روش کار: مایع شکمبه از کشتارگاه گرفته شده و بعد از صاف کردن اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ شده و با روش خشک کردن پاششی خشک گردید. بنابراین تیمارها شامل: 1- مایع شکمبه تازه (FRF)؛ 2 -مایع شکمبه تازه خشک شده با روش خشک کردن پاششی (SFRF)؛ 3- مایع شکمبه تازه اتوکلاو شده و خشک شده با روش خشک کردن (SAFRF)؛ 4- مایع شکمبه تازه سانتریفیوژ شده و خشک شده با روش خشک کردن پاششی (SCFRF) و 5- مایع شکمبه تازه اتوکلاو، سانتریفیوژ شده و خشک شده با روش خشک کردن پاششی (SCAFRF) بودند. نتایج :بین مایع شکمبه تازه و مایع شکمبه اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ و خشک شده با روش خشک کردن پاششی از نظر ترکیبات شیمیایی تفاوت آماری معنیداری وجود دارد (01/0>P). فعالیت آنزیمهای کربوکسی متیل سلولاز، آویسلاز، آلفا آمیلاز و فعالیت آنزیمی تجزیهکنندگی کاغذ صافی در مایع شکمبه خشک شده با روش خشک کردن پاششی بیشترین بود (01/0>P). غلظت اسید بوتیریک، ایزو بوتیریک، والریک و ایزووالریک نیز بهطور معنیداری تحت تأثیر اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ کردن قرار گرفت (01/0>P). فرآیند سانتریفیوژ در افزایش غلظت اسیدهای چرب فرار نسبت به اتوکلاو مؤثرتر بوده است (01/0>P). غلظت عناصر پر نیاز و کمنیاز نیز تحت تأثیر فرآیندهای اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ قرار گرفت (01/0>P). نتیجهگیری کلی: با اتوکلاو و سانتریفیوژ کردن مایع شکمبه ارزش تغذیهای آن تا حدودی حفظ شده و برای کاهش میکروارگانیسمهای بیماریزا و کاهش بوی این مایع قابل توصیه هستند.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18839_cc04f17e78570daa22bbf93050a977c0.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219Effects of different levels of corn steep liquor on performance, milk composition, digestibility of nutrients, rumination behavior and blood parameters of Dalagh ewesتأثیر سطوح مختلف خیساب ذرت بر عملکرد، ترکیبات شیر، گوارشپذیری مواد مغذی، رفتار نشخوار و فراسنجههای خونی میشهای دالاق931061875610.22034/as.2024.60546.1731FAمقصدصحنهدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه تغذیه دام و طیور، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانعبدالحکیمتوغدریگروه تغذیه دام و طیور، دانشکده علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان0000-0002-5198-1940تقیقورچیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانمحمداسدیگروه تغذیه دام و طیور - دانشکده علوم دامی -دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منا بع طبیعی گرگان-گرگان-ایرانJournal Article20240212Abstract<br />Introduction: In today's society, where we are facing an increase in the price of grains, the use of agricultural by-products in animal husbandry is very important. Corn is widely used in industry. The nutritional value of corn industrial products is very important and it is one of the cheapest and purest sources of production of organic materials for industrial consumption. Starch, animal feed, sugar syrup and oil are extracted from this plant in starch factories. Residues from food industries are among the industrial wastes that can be consumed by animals. In extracting starch and preparing glucose from corn, by-products are obtained which are suitable for animal feeding. Among these products, we can mention the corn steep liquor. Corn steep liquor, which is produced during the wet milling process of corn kernels to extract corn starch and oil, is a relatively cheap, tasty and easily available product for animals and it has potential to be used as a feed material in ruminants due to its relatively high energy and protein content and low fiber concentration. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of corn steep liquor on performance, milk composition, digestibility of nutrients, rumen and blood parameters and rumination behavior of Dalagh ewes. In order to perform this experiment, 21 dairy ewes with three bellies of the Dalagh breed with an average weight of 36±3.7 kg were used in 3 treatments and 7 repetitions in the form of a completely randomized design. The treatments included: control treatment (diet without adding corn steep liquor), second treatment (ration containing 100 grams of corn steep liquor per kilogram of dry matter consumed), third treatment (ration containing 200 grams of corn steep liquor per kilogram of dry matter consumed). The duration of the experiment was 42 days of main course. The rations used in this experiment were prepared and adjusted according to the tables of the National Sheep Research Society and were given to the ewes at two times in the morning (8 o'clock) and in the evening (16 o'clock).The daily feed was thoroughly mixed with livestock. During the whole experiment, the animals had free access to clean drinking water. On the 38th day of milk test all ewes were milked and samples were taken to measure milk composition. The ewes were weighed weekly before feeding in the morning. Feed was also given, and feed was then recorded daily to calculate the dry matter consumed. Stool and feed samples were collected from days 41 to 45 for 5 days to perform digestibility tests. Blood sampling were performed on days 42, respectively. In order to perform this experiment, 21 dairy ewes with three bellies of the Dalagh breed with an average weight of 36±3.7 kg were used in 3 treatments and 7 repetitions in the form of a completely randomized design. The treatments included: control treatment (diet without adding corn steep liquor), second treatment (ration containing 100 grams of corn steep liquor per kilogram of dry matter consumed), third treatment (ration containing 200 grams of corn steep liquor per kilogram of dry matter consumed). The duration of the experiment was 42 days of main course. The rations used in this experiment were prepared and adjusted according to the tables of the National Sheep Research Society and were given to the ewes at two times in the morning (8 o'clock) and in the evening (16 o'clock).The daily feed was thoroughly mixed with livestock. During the whole experiment, the animals had free access to clean drinking water. On the 38th day of milk test all ewes were milked and samples were taken to measure milk composition. The ewes were weighed weekly before feeding in the morning. Feed was also given, and feed was then recorded daily to calculate the dry matter consumed. Stool and feed samples were collected from days 41 to 45 for 5 days to perform digestibility tests. Blood sampling were performed on days 42, respectively. During the 39th and 40th days of the experiment, feed intake behavior was recorded as activity record for 24 h. Results and Discussion: The results showed that there was no significant difference in the final weight of ewes, daily weight gain and food conversion ratio in receiving different amounts of corn steep liquor (P<0.05), but the dry matter consumption increased with the increase in the level of corn steep liquor in the diet. Among the different treatments, no significant difference was observed in terms of the amount of milk produced, milk fat, total solids and milk lactose, but the percentage of protein and milk ash was affected by the experimental treatments, so that with the increase in the levels of corn steep liquor, this Milk compounds also increased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the treatments for dry nutrients, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and ether extract. By increasing the level of corn steep liquor in the diet, the rumination behavior including eating, ruminating, chewing increases and naturally the resting behavior decreases (P<0.05). There is no significant difference in albumin, globulin and the ratio of albumin to blood globulin among the treatments receiving different amounts of corn steep liquor. However, total protein was affected by the experimental treatments, so that the concentration of these parameters increased with the increase in the level of corn steep liquor (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be recommended to add corn steep liquor to animal rations up to the level of 200 grams per kilogram of dry matter consumed.چکیده<br />زمینه مطالعاتی: در جامعه امروز که با افزایش قیمت غلات مواجه هستیم، استفاده از محصولات فرعی کشاورزی در دامپروری بسیار حائز اهمیت میباشد. ذرت در صنعت بهطور گستردهای مورد بهرهبرداری قرار میگیرد. ارزش غذایی فرآوردههای صنعتی ذرت بسیار مهم بوده و یکی از ارزانترین و خالصترین منابع تولید مواد آلی جهت مصرف صنعتی است. در کارخانجات نشاستهسازی از این گیاه، نشاسته، خوراک دام، شربت قند و روغن استخراج میکنند. پسماندههای کارخانجات صنایع غذایی جز پسماندهای صنعتی محسوب میشوند که میتواند مورد مصرف دام قرار گیرد. در استخراج نشاسته و تهیه گلوکز از ذرت، محصولاتی فرعی از آن حاصل میشود که جهت تغذیه دام مناسب است. ازجمله این محصولات میتوان به خیساب ذرت اشاره کرد. خیساب ذرت که طی فرآیند آسیاب مرطوب دانه ذرت جهت استحصال نشاسته و روغن ذرت تولید میشود، یک فرآورده نسبتاً ارزان، خوش طعم و به راحتی در اختیار دام قرار می گیرد و پتانسیل استفاده از آن به عنوان یک ماده غذایی به خاطر انرژی و پروتئین نسبتاً بالا و غلظت الیاف پایینی که دارد در نشخوارکنندگان وجود دارد.<br />هدف: در رابطه با اهمیت خیساب ذرت در تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان در کشور اطلاعات زیادی وجود ندارد. این پژوهش بهمنطور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف خیساب ذرت بر عملکرد، ترکیبات شیر، گوارشپذیری مواد مغذی، فراسنجههای شکمبهای و خونی و رفتار نشخوار میش های دالاق صورت گرفت.<br />روش کار: جهت اجرای این آزمایش از تعداد ۲۱ رأس میش شیری سه شکم زایش نژاد دالاق با میانگین وزنی 7/3±36 کیلوگرم در ۳ تیمار و ۷ تکرار در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی استفاده شد. تیمارها شامل: تیمار شاهد (جیره بدون افزودن خیساب ذرت)، تیمار دوم (جیره حاوی 100 گرم خیساب ذرت به ازای هر کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی) تیمار سوم (جیره حاوی 200 گرم خیساب ذرت به ازای هر کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی) بودند. طول دورهی آزمایش 42 روز بود. جیرههای مورد استفاده در این آزمایش بر اساس جداول انجمن ملی تحقیقات گوسفند تهیه و تنظیم شدند و در حد اشتها در دو نوبت صبح (ساعت 8) و عصر (ساعت 16) در اختیار میشها قرار داده شد. خوراک روزانه به صورت کاملا مخلوط به دامها عرضه میشد. در تمام مدت آزمایش، حیوانات به طور آزاد به آب آشامیدنی تمیز دسترسی داشتند. در روز 38 آزمایش شیر تمام میشها دوشیده شد و نمونهگیری جهت اندازهگیری ترکیبات شیر صورت گرفت. میشها بهطور هفتگی و قبل از تغذیه صبح توزین میشدند. همچنین خوراک داده شده و پسآخور هر دام بصورت روزانه جهت محاسبه ماده خشک مصرفی ثبت میشد. نمونههای مدفوع و خوراک در روزهای 36 تا 40 بهمدت 5 روز جمعآوری گردید تا آزمایشات مربوط به قابلیت هضم انجام شود. خونگیری در روز 42 دوره انجام شد. طی روزهای 39 و 40 دوره آزمایش رفتار مصرف خوراک بصورت ثبت فعالیت برای طول مدت 24 ساعت اندازهگیری شد. <br />نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که، در بین تیمارهای آزمایشی اختلاف معنی داری در وزن نهایی میش ها، افزایش وزن روزانه و ضریب تبدیل غذایی در دریافت مقادیر مختلف خیساب ذرت وجود نداشت اما ماده خشک مصرفی با افزایش سطح خیساب جیره افزایش یافت (05/0>P). اختلاف معنیداری در تولید شیر روزانه، چربی، مواد جامد کل و لاکتوز در بین تیمارهای دریافتکننده مقادیر مختلف خیساب ذرت وجود ندارد. اما پروتئین و خاکستر شیر تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت بهطوریکه با افزایش سطح خیساب ذرت در جیره، پروتئین و خاکستر شیر نیز افزایش مییابد (05/0>P). همچنین از لحاظ قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی خشک، ماده آلی، پروتئین خام، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و عصاره اتری در بین تیمارهای مختلف اختلاف معنیداری مشاهده نشد. با افزایش سطح خیساب در جیره رفتار نشخوار شامل خوردن، نشخوار، جویدن افزایش مییابد و طبیعتا رفتار استراحت کاهش مییابد (05/0>P). اختلاف معنیداری در آلبومین، گلوبولین و نسبت آلبومین به گلوبولین خون در بین تیمار های دریافتکننده مقادیر مختلف خیساب ذرت وجود ندارد. اما پروتئین کل خون تحتتاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت بطوریکه با افزایش سطح خیساب ذرت غلظت این فراسنجهها افزایش یافت (05/0>P).<br />نتیجهگیری نهایی: باتوجه به نتایج بهدست آمده از پژوهش حاضر، میتوان افزودن خیساب ذرت به عنوان یک منبع انرژی و پروتئینی به جیره میشها را تا سطح ۲۰۰ گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی توصیه نمود.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18756_90c343812e44907217ba0a5075694b60.pdfدانشگاه تبریزپژوهش های علوم دامی (دانش کشاورزی)2008-512534420250219Whole genome scan of selection markers in Holstein, Najdi and Holstein-Najdi hybridsپویش کل ژنوم نشانه های انتخاب در گاو هلشتاین، نجدی و آمیخته های هلشتاین-نجدی1071201875510.22034/as.2024.60843.1734FAمحمدرضازرگرگروه علوم دامی دانشکده علوم دامی و صنایع غذایی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستانمحمدتقینصیری بیگیگروه علوم دامی دانشکده علوم دامی و صنایع غذایی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منایع طبیعی رامین خوزستانمحمد باقرزندیگروه علوم دامی دانشکده علوم دامی دانشگاه زنجانJournal Article20240307Introduction: In order to protect native breeds in order to maintain genetic diversity, it is necessary to keep the animal in its place of residence because the cost of protecting genetic resources is high and it is not possible to maintain all genetic resources in laboratories and research institutions. The aim of this research was to identify selection traits in Holstein, Najdi and their hybrids in the herds of Khuzestan province. <br />Material and Methods: For this purpose, the genomic information of 209 cattle samples including 21, 128 and 60 samples from Holstein, Najdi breeds and their Holstein-Najdi hybrids were used, which were genotyped using Genotyping Array 30K arrays. First, animals with more than 5% missing genotype were excluded from the next steps, and monomorphic genotypes and genotypes with a minimum allelic frequency of less than 5%, as well as loci with more than 5% missing genotype, were excluded. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was checked in all loci and loci with P-value less than 6-10 were excluded from the data set. In this study, the signs of selection were investigated using two series of methods, two of which are multi-population (FST, hapFLK ) and the other one is single-population (iHS, nSL). To determine the signs of selection in the studied cattle breeds, FST values for each SNP marker were calculated using the unbiased theta estimator method by Plink and R software. Also, in order to identify the signs of selection in the studied breeds, the FLK Single Marker haplotype expansion method called the hapFLK test was also used. iHS and nSL statistics have been used as intra-population statistics in order to investigate the areas carrying selection signs. To calculate these statistics for each SNP, VCFtools and Selscan version 2.0 were used, respectively.<br />Results and Discussion: After data editing and imputation of 662,428 SNPs from 329 Najdi, Holstein and their hybrids, and after removing 3,129 SNPs with Hardy-Weinberg 6-10 test and 68,116 SNPs with MAF 0.05, 591,181 SNPs remained for further analysis. In order to identify selection signals at the genome level, the numerical value of fixation index (FST) was used. Only 0.1% of the regions of the genome where all markers had high values. Finally, three regions on the genome were selected for further analysis that passed the threshold. Three regions were located on autosomal chromosomes. These three regions, where the stabilization index had a higher numerical value of 0.38, were located on chromosomes 16, 21, and 8, respectively. A threshold of 0.1% of the high hapFLK value of the population was used to identify the regions under selection by the hapFLK method. Finally, the region of 22774764 to 23377643 base pairs of chromosome 14 and the region of 33981177 to 34039961 base pairs of chromosome 26 had a selection mark at the specified threshold, which was used to identify genes in the next step. The iHS statistic was used to identify signs of selection for alleles that are polymorphic in the population, but have not yet reached the fixation stage. iHS less than zero indicates that the respective haplotype carries the derived allele, and iHS greater than zero indicates that the haplotype in question carries the ancestral gene. In this research, the markers with the highest amount of iHS on chromosomes 3, 7 and 10 were identified as selection markers. By using the nSL statistic which was calculated by Selscan software in the Linux environment and drawing the Manhattan plot diagram of this statistic by R software, it was determined that in the Holstein and Holstein*Najdi hybrids population on chromosome 3 and in the Najdi population 4 and 15 regions have been selected. Some of the areas identified with these statistics are directly and indirectly related to growth traits, reproduction, immune system and other traits related to them. <br />Conclusion: In this research, four statistics, FST, hapFLK, iHS and nSL, were used to identify the signs of selection in Holstein, Najdi cattle populations and their hybrids. The results of FST and hapFLK statistics, which examine the populations in a multi-population way, showed that the signs of selection detected by these two statistics were on chromosomes 8, 14, 16, 21 and 26, and chromosome 16 was common in each of the two strains. Among the areas identified with these statistics, they are directly or indirectly related to the characteristics of milk production and reproduction in cows. The results of the iHS and nSL statistics, which examine the populations as a single population, showed that the signs of selection detected by these two statistics were on chromosomes 3, 4, 7, 10 and 15, which is the chromosome No. 3 was common in every two races. Some of the areas identified with these statistics are directly and indirectly related to growth traits, reproduction, immune system and other traits related to them. Considering that the statistics used are different in terms of the implementation method and the parameters used (the first two are multi-population based on allele frequency and the second two are single-population based on linkage disequilibrium), consequently their results did not match. But from the total of 59 genes identified by the four methods used, two genes, IQCA1, ACKR3, were jointly identified by iHS and nSL statistics. In addition, it can be concluded that the selection during the past years has been generally focused on traits that have been effective in increasing the production efficiency in addition to increasing the resistance of livestock to the environmental conditions of the place of residence.چکیده:<br />برای محافظت از نژادهای بومی به منظور حفظ تنوع ژنتیکی، نگهداری حیوان در محل زندگی خود است چرا که هزینه محافظت از ذخایر ژنتیکی بالا بوده و امکان حفظ همه ذخایر ژنتیکی در آزمایشگاهها و موسسات تحقیقاتی ممکن نیست. هدف از این تحقیق شناسایی نشانههای انتخاب در گاو هلشتاین، نجدی و آمیخته های آن ها در گله های استان خوزستان بود. به این منظور از اطلاعات ژنومی 209 نمونه گاو شامل 21، 128 و 60 نمونه به ترتیب از نژادهای هلشتاین، نجدی و آمیخته های هلشتاین-نجدی آنها استفاده شد که با بکارگیری آرایه های Genotyping Array 30K تعیین ژنوتیپ شدند. در این مطالعه نشانههای انتخاب با استفاده از دو سری از روشها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که در دو روش( FST و Hapflk) به صورت چند جمعیتی و دوروش دیگر(iHS, nSL) به صورت تک جمعیتی عمل میکند. در دو روش اول که چند جمعیتی بودند نقاطی بر روی کروموزوم های 8، 14، 16 و 24 شناسایی شدند که کروموزوم 16 در هر دو روش مشترک بود. برخی از مناطق شناسایی شده با آماره های FST و Hapflk به صورت مستقیم و یا غیر مستقیم با صفات تولید شیرو تولید مثل در گاو در ارتباط هستند. در دو روش دوم که تک جمعیتی بودند نقاطی بر روی کروموزوم های شماره 3، 4، 7، 10 و 15 بودند که کروموزوم شماره 3 در هر دوروش مشترک بود. برخی از مناطق شناسایی شده با آماره های nSL و iHS به طور مستقیم و غیر مستقیم با صفات رشد، تولید مثل ، سیستم ایمنی وسایر صفات مرتبط با آنها ارتباط دارند .ولی از مجموع 59 ژن شناسایی شده توسط چهار روش مورد استفاده دو ژن ,IQCA1, ACKR3 به طور مشترک توسط آماره iHS و nSL شناسایی شدند. ضمناٌ میتوان نتیجه گرفت که انتخاب طی سالیان گذشته به طور کلی بر روی صفاتی متمرکز شده است که ضمن افزایش مقاومت دامها به شرایط محیطی محل زندگی بر روی افزایش راندمان تولید نیز موثر بوده است.https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18755_91d3d0463c1ec6da26e0b58858e5c725.pdf