Effects of microencapsulated sodium butyrate on performance, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of suckling Holstein calves

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

2 department of animal science, faculty of agriculture, university of mohaghegh ardebili

Abstract

Research method: For this experiment, 24 newly-born Holstein calves (average age 1-10 days, average weight 39±1 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental treatments were: 1) Starter diet with no additive (control), 2) Starter diet with 5 g of sodium butyrate per day, 3) Starter diet with 15 g of microencapsulated sodium butyrate per day. Starter diet and water were available adlibitum throughout the experiment. Experimental calves were fed with 4 Kg whole milk from birth to d 14 in two meals, 6 Kg milk from d 14 to 60 in two meals and 3 Kg milk from d 60 tile 65 in one meal and weaned at d 65. In order to evaluate performance, calves were weighed every two weeks and daily weight gain was calculated by the subtraction. Starter intake was determined from the difference between the offered feed and the refusal remainder the next day. Blood sampling were taken monthly (two times) from jugular vein in two stage of all calves 4 hours after morning feeding and blood plasma was separated by centrifuging (3500 rpm for 10 min) and kept at -20 ° C til until the analysis test. Nutrient digestibility was measured by using acid insoluble ash as external marker.
Findings: The results showed that the addition of microencapsulated sodium butyrate in starter diet of suckling calves had no effect on final body weight, starter intake and feed conversion ratio of calves. Calves fed 15 gr of microencapsulated sodium butyrate had significantly higher daily gain in first month and total experiment period compared to control ones (p < 0.05). The results showed that supplementing calves with butyrate supplements, encapsulated or common sodium butyrate, did not influence blood concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, total protein, and blood urea at d 30 or 65 experiment whereas blood beta-hydroxy butyrate concentration was higher in calves fed microencapsulated form compared to control calves (P <0.05). Feeding butyrate supplements had no effects on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and neutral detergent fiber. Protein digestibility increased significantly by feeding the microencapsulated form of sodium butyrate compared to the control (P <0.05). Gorka et al. (2009) reported that use of butyrate in starter of calves had not significant effect on body weight gain. Different between results can due type and level of butyrate supplementation and combination of ratio. Savary et al. (2010) stated that addition butyrate in the starter of calves had not effect on total protein an albumin concentration compare with control group. Ferreira and Bittar reported that blood beta-hydroxy butyrate concentration had not affected by addition butyrate supplementation. Deymeh et al. (2014) reported that supplement starter of calves with butyrate causing improve protein digestibility.
Conclusion: The results of this study proposed that addition of microencapsulated sodium butyrate, compared to common sodium butyrate, based on its positive effects on performance and nutrient digestibility and blood beta-hydroxy butyrate concentration can be recommended in rearing suckling calves.

Research method: For this experiment, 24 newly-born Holstein calves (average age 1-10 days, average weight 39±1 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental treatments were: 1) Starter diet with no additive (control), 2) Starter diet with 5 g of sodium butyrate per day, 3) Starter diet with 15 g of microencapsulated sodium butyrate per day. Starter diet and water were available adlibitum throughout the experiment. Experimental calves were fed with 4 Kg whole milk from birth to d 14 in two meals, 6 Kg milk from d 14 to 60 in two meals and 3 Kg milk from d 60 tile 65 in one meal and weaned at d 65. In order to evaluate performance, calves were weighed every two weeks and daily weight gain was calculated by the subtraction. Starter intake was determined from the difference between the offered feed and the refusal remainder the next day. Blood sampling were taken monthly (two times) from jugular vein in two stage of all calves 4 hours after morning feeding and blood plasma was separated by centrifuging (3500 rpm for 10 min) and kept at -20 ° C til until the analysis test. Nutrient digestibility was measured by using acid insoluble ash as external marker.
Findings: The results showed that the addition of microencapsulated sodium butyrate in starter diet of suckling calves had no effect on final body weight, starter intake and feed conversion ratio of calves. Calves fed 15 gr of microencapsulated sodium butyrate had significantly higher daily gain in first month and total experiment period compared to control ones (p < 0.05). The results showed that supplementing calves with butyrate supplements, encapsulated or common sodium butyrate, did not influence blood concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, total protein, and blood urea at d 30 or 65 experiment whereas blood beta-hydroxy butyrate concentration was higher in calves fed microencapsulated form compared to control calves (P <0.05). Feeding butyrate supplements had no effects on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and neutral detergent fiber. Protein digestibility increased significantly by feeding the microencapsulated form of sodium butyrate compared to the control (P <0.05). Gorka et al. (2009) reported that use of butyrate in starter of calves had not significant effect on body weight gain. Different between results can due type and level of butyrate supplementation and combination of ratio. Savary et al. (2010) stated that addition butyrate in the starter of calves had not effect on total protein an albumin concentration compare with control group. Ferreira and Bittar reported that blood beta-hydroxy butyrate concentration had not affected by addition butyrate supplementation. Deymeh et al. (2014) reported that supplement starter of calves with butyrate causing improve protein digestibility.
Conclusion: The results of this study proposed that addition of microencapsulated sodium butyrate, compared to common sodium butyrate, based on its positive effects on performance and nutrient digestibility and blood beta-hydroxy butyrate concentration can be recommended in rearing suckling calves.

Keywords


AOAC International. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International. 17th ed. Published by AOAC. Int., Gaithersburg, MD.
Appeddu L, Ely DG, Aaron DK, Deweese WP and Fink E, 2004. Effects of supplementing with calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids or hydrogenated tallow on ewe milk production and twin lamb growth. Journal of Animal Science 82: 2780-2789.
Bergman E.N. 1990. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiological Reviews 70: 567-590
Davarmanesh AR, Fatihi Naseri MH, Kalantarifirouzabad AR and Montazeri-torbati MB, 2015. Effect of Ca-butyrate and Oleobiotec (a flavouring agent) supplemented starter on the performance of Holstein dairy calves. Journal of Agricultural Science 153: 1506–1513.
Deymeh V, valizadeh R, Naserian AA and Tahmasebi A, 2014. The Effect of coated butyric acid with calcium salt and oregano essential oil with fresh milk on performance Holstein female calves. MSc Thesis.  Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Einalie Heris M, Moghaddam GH, Taghizadeh A, Soltanpour F and Moghaddam N. 2013. Effect of bioblus 2B and biomas on intestine flora and blood metabolites and elements in milk fed calves. Journal of Animal Science Researches. 24: 1-9.
Ferreira LS and Bittar CM, 2011. Performance and plasma metabolites of dairy calves fed starter containing sodium butyrate, calcium propionate or sodium monensin. Animal 5: 239–245.
Gorka P, Kowalski ZM, Pietrzak P, Kotunia A, Jagusiak W and Zabielski R, 2011. Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by different liquid feeds and small intestine development? Journal of Dairy Science 94: 3002-3013.
Gorka P, Kowalski ZM, Pietrzak P, Kotunia A, Kiljanczyk R, Flaga J, Holst JJ, Guilloteau P and Zabielski R, 2009. Effect of sodium butyrate supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in calves. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 60: 47-53.
Gorka P, SliwiNski B, Flaga J, Wieczorek J, Godlewski M, Wierzchos E, Zabielski R and Kowalski ZM, 2017. Effect of butyrate infusion into the rumen on butyrate flow to the duodenum, selected gene expression in the duodenum epithelium, and nutrient digestion in sheep. Jouranal of Animal Science. 95:2144–2155.
Guilloteau P, Rome V, Le Normand L, Savary G and Zabielski R, 2004. Is Na-butyrate a growth factor in the preruminant calf? Preliminary results. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 13: 393–396.
Guilloteau P, Savary G, Jaguelin-Peyrault Y, Rome V, LeNormand L and Zabielski R, 2010. Dietary sodium butyrate supplementation increases digestibility and pancreatic secretion in young milk-fed calves. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 5842–5850.
Heinrichs AJ and Jones CM, 2003. Feeding the Newborn Dairy Calf. The Pennsylvania State University 1-23.
Heinrichs AJ and Lesmeister KE, 2005. Rumen development in the dairy calf. In: Calf and Heifer Rearing, Ed, Garnworthy PC, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 53-66.
Hill T M, Bateman H, Aldrich JM and Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Effects of the amount of chopped hay or cottonseed hulls in a textured calf starter on young calf performance. Journal of dairy science 91: 2684-2693.
Kato S, Sato K, Chida H, Roh SG, Ohwada S, Sato S, Guilloteau P and Katoh K, 2011. Effects of Na-butyrate supplementation in milk formula on plasma concentrations of GH and insulin, and on rumen papilla development in calves. Journal of Endocrinology 211: 241-248.
Katoh K and Tsuda T, 1987. Effects of intravenous injection of butyrate on the exocrine pancreatic secretion in guinea pigs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 87:569–572.
Le Gall M, Gallois M, Seve B, Louveau I, Holst JJ, Oswald IP, Lalles JP and Guilloteau P, 2009. Comparative effect of orally administered sodium butyrate before or after weaning on growth and several indices of gastrointestinal biology of piglets. British Journal of Nutrition 102: 1285–1296.
Leeson S, Namkung H, Antongiovanni M and Lee EH, 2005. Effect of butyric acid on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 84: 1418-1422.
Manzanilla EG, Nofrarias M, Anguita M, Castillo M, Perez JF, Martin-Orue SM, Kamel C and Gasa J, 2006. Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. J ournal of Animal Science 84: 2743–2745.
Martin WG, Ramsey HA, Matrone G and Wise GH, 1959. Responses of young calves to a diet containing salts of volatile fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 42: 1377-1386.
Mazzoni M, Le Gall M, De Filippi S, Minieri L, Trevisi P, Wolinski J, Lalatta-Costerbosa G, Lallès JP, Guilloteau P and Bosi P, 2008. Supplemental sodium butyrate stimulates different gastric cells in weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 138: 1426-1431.
Mentschel J, Leiser R, Mülling C, Pfarrer C and Claus R, 2001. Butyric acid stimulates rumen mucosa development in the calf mainly by areduction of apoptosis. Archives of Animal Nutrition 55: 85–102.
Nazari M, Karkoodi K and Alizadeh A, 2012. Performance and physiological responses of milk-fed calves to coated calcium butyrate supplementation. South African Journal of Animal Science 42: 296–303.
Piva A, Morlacchini M, Casadei G, Gatta PP, Biaji G and Prandin A, 2002. Sodium butyrate improves growth performance of weaned piglets during the first period after weaning. Italian Journal of Animal Science 1: 35-41.
Quigley JD, Caldwell LA, Sinks GD and Heitmann RN, 1991. Changes in blood glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketones in response to weaning and feed intake in young calves. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 250-257.
Quigley JD. 1996. Influence of weaning method on growth, intake and selected blood metabolites in Jersey calves. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 2255–2260.
Ramezani M, Seifdavati J, Seifzadeh S, Abdi-benemar H and Razmazar V. 2018. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin C on growth performance, some blood metabolites and blood cell counts of Holstein suckling calves. Journal of Ruminant Research 6:18-24.
SAS 2003. Statistical Analysis Systems user's guide. (9.0) SAS Institute Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Savary G and Guillotean P, 2010. Dietary calcium butyrate supplementation incyease digestibility and Pancyeatic Secration in young milk- fed calves. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 5842-5850.
Shahir MH, Moradi S, Afshin O, HeidariNia A, 2012. The Effect of Enzyme and Acid Additive on Wheat and Maize Rakes on Performance and Characteristics Morphological trait of broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research 3: 351-362.
Slusarczyk K, Strzetelski JA and Furgal-Dierzuk I, 2010. The effect of sodium butyrate on calf growth and serum level of β–hydroxybutyric acid. Journal of Animal and Feed Science 19: 348–357.
Van Keulen J, Young BA. 1977. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestion studies.  Journal of Animal Science 44: 282–287.
Van Soest P.J, Robertson J.B and Lewis B.A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non -starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.
Wanat P, Gorka P and Kowalski ZM, 2015. Short communication: Effect of inclusion rate of microencapsulated sodium butyrate in starter mixture for dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 98 :2682–2686
Zabielski R, Goldewski, M and Gulloteau P, 2008. Control of development of gastrointestinal system in neonates. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 59: 35–54.