Effect of different processing methods (chemical and biological) on chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of wheat straw

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 gonbad kavous universiry

2 Gonbad Kavous universiry

3 gonbad kavous university

Abstract

Introduction: Crop residues such as straws are lignocellulosic by-products which results from crop cultivation. These compounds can be used as carbohydrate and energy sources in ruminant nutrition. The presence of strong physical and chemical bonds between lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose reduces the nutritional value of these materials. Straws produced as cereal by-products are an important feedstuff for ruminants. Howere, they are not preferred by animals due to poor digestibility, low nitrogen and mineral contents. Many of the treatments were conducted to improve the nutritional value of low feed quality including physical, chemical treatments and biological treatments. Several chemical treatment methods have been developed to improve the nutritive value of low quality forages by reducing the concentration of cell walls or increasing their digestion. Alkali treatment is the most widely used method for increasing the degradation of forage cell walls and the main alkalis used are ammonia and NaOH. The underlying principle of the method is partial solubilization of hemicellulose, lignin, and silica and hydrolysis of uronic and acetic acid esters by the alkali (Chesson et al., 1983). Various studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of dry and wet NaOH treatment processes at improving the nutritive value of low quality forages and crop residues (Wanapat et al., 1985; Moss et al., 1990). However, the use of ammonia and other alkalis for forage improvement has been limited by their corrosive nature and the hazards they pose to humans. Recently, several studies showed that the biological treatments of crop residues to improve the accessibility of cellulosic fractions, thus improving their digestibility and feeding value have been attracting the extensive interests. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different processing methods (chemical and biological) on chemical composition, In vitro gas production parameters and digestibility of wheat straw.

Material and methods: wheat straw was prepared from minoodasht city. The following treatments were: 1) untreated wheat straw (control, CON), 2) CON processed with Urea, 3) CON processed with sodium hydroxide, 4) CON processed with hydrogen peroxide, 5) CON inoculated with Aspergillus niger for 21 days, 6) CON inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum for 21 days, 7) CON inoculated with Aspergillus niger for 40 days and 8) CON inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum for 40 days, in a completely randomized design. In order to processing with H2O2, first the samples pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 80 g/kg DM) to attain and maintain a pH of 11.5, then 132 ml H2O2 (purity: 35%) were added. Treated samples were then placed into plastic bags, tied up and stored under anaerobic conditions. Then the bags were opened and samples dried by exposure to air. After processing the chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods. In vitro cumulative gas production was determined using 120 ml serum bottles as described by Theodorou et al. (1994). A buffered mineral solution (Menke and Steingass 1988) was prepared and placed in a water bath at 39 ◦C under continuous flushing with CO2. Rumen fluid was collected before morning feeding from three ruminally fistulated steers fed on a forage diet at a concentration of 40:60. In vitro gas production was measured in triplicate on composite samples from the same treatment silos. For each replicate, a sample of 200 mg DM untreated and inoculated corn silage obtained from the d 45 and 90 mini silos were used. The bottles were then filled with 30 ml of incubation medium that consisted of 10 ml of rumen fluid plus 20 ml of buffer solution and placed in a water bath at 39 ◦C. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 16 24, 48 and 72 h. Total gas values corrected for blank incubation and gas values expressed in ml g-1 of DM. A pressure transducer and LED digital read out voltmeter were used to measure the headspace gas pressure in the culture bottles. Volumes of gas at the top of the culture bottles were transferred into a syringe by withdrawal of the syringe plunger until the pressure became zero. A medium similar to one developed for gas production was used for batch rumen culture system to measure pH, and NH3-N and in vitro digestibility. The pH of the media was measured after 24 h incubation. After 24 h incubation, the contents of each glass bottle were empty, strained through four layers of cheesecloth and then 10 ml of strained rumen fluid was acidified by 10 ml of 0.2 N HCl for determination of NH3-N using the distillation method. Finally, all contents remaining in the bottles were filtered through nylon bags, oven dried at 60 °C for 48 h and analyzed for IVDMD and IVOMD.
Results and discussion: Results showed that there were significant differences among treatments on chemical composition (p < 0.05). The highest and the lowest DM content were related to control treatment and soaked treatments. Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide treatment's had highest and urea treated wheat straw had lowest Ash content. Processing with two kind of fungi had no effect on chemical composition (p>0/05). Different processing methods had significant effect on potential and rate of gas production (p < 0/05). Soaked and trichodermal treated wheat straw had lowest and sodium hydroxid and hydrogen peroxide had highest gas production potential. Processing with Sodium hydroxid and hydrogen peroxide increased DM and OM digestibility significantly, Howere, Soaked wheat straw had lowest digestibility, PF and microbial crud protein.
Conclusion: Generally, processing with Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide had more effect on improving the nutritional value of wheat straw.

Keywords

References

Alaei A, 2018. Evaluation of Nutritional Value of Vicia Faba Residues Processed with Some Chemical Compounds. MSc Thesis. Gonbad Kavous Uiversity 91 pp. (In Persian). 
Al-Masri MR, 2005. Nutritive value of some agricultural wastes as affected by relatively low gamma irradiation levels and chemical treatments. Bioresoure Technology 96: 1737-1741.
Amjed,M, Jung HG and Donker J, D. 1992. Effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on cell wall composition and digestion kinetics of sugarcane residues and wheat straw. Journal of Animal Science 70: 2877-2884. (In Persian). 
AOAC, 2003. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. USA.
Aslanian A, 2014. Effects of processing with gamma ray, calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide on nutritional value of soybean straw. MSc Thesis. Gonbad Kavous Uiversity. 115 pp (In Persian).
Aslanian A, Ghanbari F, Bayat Kouhsar J and Karimi Shahraki B, 2015. Effects of processing with gamma ray, sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide on gas production parameters and digestibility of soybean straw. Journal of Animal Production 2: 235-248 (In Persian).
Bampidis VA and Robinson PH, 2006. Citrus by-products as ruminant feeds: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 128: 175-217.
 Basiri S, 2007. The processing and residue of fruit and vegetables. Azad University Press Shabestar. 159 pp.
Baytok E, Aksu T, Karsli MA and Muruz H, 2005. The effects of formic acid, molasses and inoculant as silage additives on corn silage composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29: 469-474.
Beuvink JMW and Spoelstra SF, 1992. Interactions between substrate, fermentation end-products, systems and gas production UP. On fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 37: 505-509.
Blummel M and Orskov ER, 1993. Composition of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting food intake in cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 40: 109-119.
Blummel M, Makkar PS and Becker K, 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 77: 24-34.
Broderick GA and Kang JH, 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Animal Science 63: 64-75.
Chaji M, Mohammadabadi T, Mamouie M and Tabatabaei S, 2010. The effect of processing with high steam and sodium hydroxide on nutritive value of sugarcane pith by in vitro gas production. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advance 9: 1015-1018.
Chaudhry AS, 1997. Washing and filtration of wheat straw treated with sodium hydroxide alone or with hydrogen peroxide to modify cell wall composition and in vitro digestibility. Australasian Journal of Agricultural Science 37: 617-621.
Chaudhry AS, 1998. Nutrient composition, digestion and rumen fermentation in sheep of wheat straw treated with calcium oxid, sodium hydroxid and alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Animal Feed Science and Technoloy 74: 315-328.
Chaudhry AS, 2000. Rumen degradation in sacco in sheep of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide plus hydrogen peroxide. Animal Feed Science and Technology 83: 313-323.
Chesson A and Murison SD, 1987. Biotechnological evaluation of straw as a feedstuff for ruminants. In: M. Chenost and P. Reiniger (Eds.), Evaluation of Straws in Ruminant Feeding. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
Daraei Garmakhany A, 2013. Optimization of production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass of canola by advanced pretreatments. A Dissertation of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. (In Persian).
Fazaeli H, 2009. Optimum using of agricultural by-products in ruminants nutrition. Fourth National Conference on Agricultural Product Waste. Tarbiat Modares University 198-204.
Getachew G, Blummel M, Makkar H and Becker K,1998. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 72: 261-281.
Getachew G, Depiters EJ and Robinson PH, 2002. In vitro gas production provides effective method for assessing ruminant feeds. California Agriculther 58: 54-58.
Ghiasvand M, Rezayazdi K and Dehghan Banadaki M, 2011. The effects of different processing methods on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of canola straw and its effect on fattening performance of male Holstein calves. Journal of Animal Science Research 22: 93- 104. (In Persian)
Haddad SG, Grant RG and Kachman SG, 1998. Effect of wheat straw treated with alkaline or ruminal function and lactation performance of dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 1956-1965.
Haddi ML, Filacorda S, Meniai k, Rollin F and Susmel P, 2003. In vitro fermentation kinetics of some halophyte shrubs sampled at three stage maturity. Animal Feed Science and Technology 104: 215-225.
Hans- Joachim G, Jung B and Fernando R, 1992. Cell wall compositions degradability of forage stems following chemicals biological delignification. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 58: 347-355.
Hoover WH, 1986. Chemical factors involved on ruminal fiber digestion. Journal of Dairy Science 69: 2755-2766.
Khorvash M, Kargar S, Yalchi T and Ghorbani GR, 2010. Effects of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of soybean straw. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 8: 356-359.
Kung JL, Stokes MR and Lin CJ, 2004. Silage additives, in Silage Science and Technology (Agronomy Series No. 42). D. R. Buxton, R. E. Muck, and H. J. Harrison, ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
Lam TBT, Kadoya K and Iiyama K, 2001. Bonding of hydroxyl cinnamic acids to lignin: ferulic and p-coumaric acids are predominantly linked at the benzyl position of lignin, not the b-position, in grass cell walls. Phytochemistry 57: 987-992.
Larbi A, Smith JW, Adekunle IO, Raji AM and Ladipo DO, 1998. Chmical composition, rumen degradation, and gas production characteristics of some multipurpose fodder trees and shrubs during wet and dry seasons in humid tropics. Animal Feed Science and Technology 72: 81-96.
Leng R A, 1990. Factors affecting the utilization of poor quality forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. Nutrition research Reviews 3: 277-303.
Licitra G, Hernandez TM, Vansoest PJ, 1996.Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 57(4): 347-358.
Liu JX, Susenbeth  A and Sudekum KH, 2002. In vitro gas production measurements to evaluate interactions between untreated and chemically treated rice straws, grass hay, and mulberry leaves. Journal of Animal Science 80: 517-524.
Makkar HP, 2005. In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Animal of Feed Science and Techmology 123: 291-302.
Mansuri H, Nikkhah A, Rezaeian M, Moradi Shahrbaback M and Mirhadi SA, 2003.Determination of roughages degradability through In vitro gas production and nylon bag techniques. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 34: 495-507.
Menke KH and Steingass, HH, 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Journal of Animal Research and Development. 28p.
Menke KH, Raab L, Solewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D and Schneider W, 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agriculture Science 93: 217-222.
Moghaddam M, Taghizadeh A, Nobakht A and Ahmadi A, 2012. Nutritive value of grape pomace and raisin vitis leaves using nylon bags and gas production techniques. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 3 (4): 435-443. (In Persian).
Mosir N, Wyman C, Dale B, Elander R, lee YY, Holtzapple M and ladisch M, 2005. Feature of promising technologies for pretreatement of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology 96: 673-686.
Moss RA, Givens DI, and Everington JM, 1990. The effect of sodium hydroxide treatment on the chemical composition, digestibility and digestible energy content of wheat, barley and oat straws. Animal Feed Science Technology 29:73–87.
National Research Council (NRC), 2001. Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle, 7th revised ed. National Academy of Science, Washington DC.
Orskov ER and McDonald I, 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agriculture Science 92: 499-503.
Salamatazar M, Salamatdoust-nobar R and Maheri-sis N, 2012. Evaluation of the effects of thymus vulgar on degradability kinetics of canola meal for ruminant using in vitro gas production technique. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 6: 164-168.
Salehi A, 2016. Determination of chemical composition, gas production and in vitro fermentation parameters of tomato pulp and pistachio hull treated by pleurotus sahor cajo. MSc Thesis. Bu-AliSina Uiversity. 91pp (In Persian).  
Sarnklong C, Cone JW, Pellikaan W and Hendriks WH, 2010. Utilization of rice straw and different treatments to improve is feed value for ruminants: A review. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 23: 680-692.
SAS Institute, 2000. SAS Users Guide: Statistics, Version 9. 1 Edition. Cary, NC, USA.
Sharari M, Jahan Latibari A, Guillet A, Aurousseau M, Mouhamadou B, Rafeiee Gh, Mirshokra A and Parsapaghouh D, 2011. Application of the with rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium in bioteatment of bagasse effluent. Springer Science and Business 22: 421-430.
Singh SP and Gupta BN, 1988. Total volatile fatty acid and bacterial production rates as affected by rations containing untreated or ammoniated straw with or without impregnation of urea and molasses. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 5: 291-295.
Sobhanirad S. Behgar M. Vakili R. - Elahi Torshizi M. 2013. Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Chemical Process on Gas Production Parameters of some Agricultural By-products in in vitro. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research 4 (4): 314-322. (In Persian).
Sommart k, Parker DS, Rowlinson P and Wanapat M, 2000. Fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in an in vitro system using cassava, rice straw and dried ruzi grass as substrates. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13: 1084-1093.
Sun Y and Cheng JY, 2002. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresource Technology 83: 1-11.
Sunstol F and Oween E, 1984. Straw and other fibrous by –products as feed. Elsevier Science publisher. Amesterdam, The Newtherlands.
Theodorou MK, Williams BA, Dhanoa MS, McAllan AB and France J, 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science Technology 48: 185-197.
Trach NX, 2000. Treatment and supplementation of rice straw for ruminant feeding in Vietnam. Doctor Scientarium Thesis. Agricultural University of Norway. As, Norway. 174p.
Trach NX. Mo M and Xuan Dan C, 2001. Effects of treatment of rice straw with lime and urea on its chemical composition, gas production and in sacco degradation characteristics. Livestock Research for Rural Development 13: 117-134.
Van Soest PJ, 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Cornel University Press, Ithaca, New York, 374p.
Wanapat M, Polyorach S, Boonnop k, Mapato Cand Cherdthhong C, 2009. Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows. Livestock Science 125: 238-243.
Yalchi T, Kargar S, Khorvash M and Ghorbani Gh R, 2012. Effect of sodium hydroxide on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of soybean straw. 5th Iranian Animal Sciences congress. University of Isfahan. (In Persian).
Yang I, Cao J, Jin Y, Chang H.M, Jameel H, Phillips R and Li Z, 2012. Effect of sodium carbonate pretreatement on chemical compositions and enzymatic saccharification of rice straw. Bioresource Technology 124: 283-291.
Animal Science Research
Volume 30, Issue 4
March 2021
Pages 41-57

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 24 August 2019
  • Revise Date: 17 April 2020
  • Accept Date: 14 March 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics