The effect of wheat straw processing using liquid- and solid-state culture of Schizophyllum Commune on chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters and rumen degradability

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, Urmia University

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal science, Urmia University

3 R&D Department, Kimiya Danesh Alvand Co

Abstract

Introduction: Agricultural by-products, which contain high fibre and have low nutritional value, are one of the feed sources for ruminant animals. A variety of cereal residues including wheat straw, corn stover and paddy straw are generally used to supplement the green forage as animal feed. Wheat is an important cereal crop, which generates a huge amount of lignocellulose in the form of straw. Some various strategies have attempted to improve forage quality. These methods include physical treatments (heat, steam and pressure) as well as treatment with chemical treatments such as acids, alkalis, NH3 and ozone. However, using them is associated with some problems as they require complex material and have detriments such as secondary pollution. Recently the researches have focused on biological alternatives, especially since they are environmentally benign and widely acceptable. One of the biological methods is to use micro-organisms including fungi and bacteria many of which had been found to degrade cellulose and other plant cell wall fibers. The cellulase activity of the fungus is premier, whereas bacteria have a faster growth rate than fungi, and there is increasing interest in cellulase production by bacteria and they can generate cellulase much better. Cellulolytic bacteria are present in a variety of sources such as composting heaps, decaying agricultural wastes, soil and gastrointestinal tract of herbivores. These bacteria are presumed to live in both the rumen and in the colon that digest plant cell walls. Annually, large amounts of agricultural residues are produced in countries around the world, including Iran. These agricultural residues are important foods in the diet of ruminants. However, the use of these products as a food source in the diet of ruminants is limited due to their limited biological structure and low protein. Different physical, chemical and biological methods have been used to process wheat straw, all of which aim to break down lignin and make more cellulose and hemicellulose available for fermentation in the rumen. The use of biological processing method by fungi has received more attention due to the lack of environmental pollution. White rot fungi are the only organisms that are able to aerobically break down lignin into CO2 and water. Schizophyllum commune is an edible fungus of the basidiomycete’s family. Spraying of lacase enzyme from Schizophyllum (liquid culture lacase, solid culture lacase and purified lacase) on wheat straw, corn straw and sorghum straw gradually reduces the amount of Neutral Detergent Fiber of straws and As a result, it increases the digestibility of straws. Lignin is an important constituent of these agro-residues which is resistant to most of the bacterial enzymatic systems, as well as non-digestible by ruminants and rumen microflora. Solid state bioprocessing of agro residues by ligninolytic fungi have got the potential to convert these materials into better feed. Beside lignin, these agro residues contain complex polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose) and water-soluble fractions (soluble sugars, some pectin component, some soluble proteins and organic acids). Lignin binds with hemicellulose and cellulose to form a matrix and make these polysaccharides unavailable for the ruminants. Bio delignification of agro-residues has got the potential to convert this biomass into more nutritive and easily digestible feed. Most studied white rot fungi species are quite efficient lignin degrader but it also degrades an enormous amount of organic matter thus limiting its practical use for improvement of animal feed quality. while the pretreated straw may be useful for other purposes including biofuel production. It necessitates the need to look for organisms which can degrade the lignin without causing major loss of other important constituents like hemicellulose and cellulose. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the chemical composition, volume of gas produced, dry matter degradability, degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber and volatile fatty acids produced by wheat straw processed with Schizophyllum commune under liquid culture and solid culture using nylon bags and gas production method.
Material and Methods: To process wheat straw, the straw was first soaked in water for 12 hours and then sterilized in an autoclave at 121 ° C for 20 minutes. For solid culture, a 7-day-old mushroom was transferred to each jar containing sterilized wheat straw and stored at 26 ° C for 25 days. Liquid culture medium containing the secreted enzymes was inoculated after filtration of the fungi on the liquid and into a glass chamber containing sterile and soaked wheat straw and kept at 26 ° C for 25 days. Wheat straw was removed from the jars after 25 days and dried for 4 days at 60 ° C. The gas production of the treatments in glass vials at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96,120,144 hours and their degradability were measured using nylon bags and three Holstein cows fistulated at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96 hours of ruminal incubation.
Results and Discussion: Processing of wheat straw by Schizophyllum commune reduced dry matter and Neutral Detergent Fiber. Solid culture and liquid culture increased the amount of protein from 2.94 to 6.12 and 5.7%, respectively. Cumulative gas production increased during 144 hours of incubation in wheat straw processed by solid culture. Organic matter digestibility percentage, dry matter digestibility percentage and Metabolisable energy in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. The amount of crude microbial protein in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. Dry matter degradability increased during 96 hours of ruminal incubation and the potentially fermentable portion of processed wheat straw by solid culture. There was no significant difference between different treatments in terms of nutritional value index. The degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber was reduced during 96 hours of incubation and the effective degradability in the treated groups was reduced. Liquid and solid culture processing increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen in wheat straw.
Conclusion: In general, processing of wheat straw with Schizophyllum by solid culture method improved some nutritional components, but the addition of fungal liquid culture medium did not have a significant positive effect on increasing the nutritional value of wheat straw.

Keywords

References

Abdel-Aziz NA, Salem AZ, El-Adawy MM, Camacho LM, Kholif AE, Elghandour MM and Borhami BE, 
2015. Biological treatments as a mean to improve feed utilization in agriculture animals—An 
overview. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14(3): 534-543.
Akinfemi A, 2010. Nutritive value and in vitro gas production of fungal treated maize cobs. African Journal 
of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 10(8): 25-38 .
AOAC, 2000. Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 
Washington, DC
Arora DS and Sharma RK, 2010. Ligninolytic fungal laccases and their biotechnological applications. 
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 160(6): 1760-1788.
Asgher M, Wahab A, Bilal M and Iqbal HMN, 2016. Lignocellulose degradation and production of lignin 
modifying enzymes by Schizophyllum commune IBL-06 in solid-state fermentation. Biocatalysis and 
Agricultural Biotechnology 6(1): 195-201.
Bełżecki G, Miltko R, Michałowski T, Šimůnek J and Kopečný J, 2008. Chitinolytic activity of the sheep 
rumen ciliate Diploplastron affine. Folia Microbiologica 53(3): 201-3.
Coblentz WK and Walgenbach RP, 2010. Fall growth, nutritive value, and estimation of total digestible 
nutrients for cereal-grain forages in the north-central United States. Journal of Animal Science 88(1): 
383-399.
Dashti Saridorg, M, Ruzbehan Y and Shojaosadati S, 2010. The Effect of Neuspora sitophila Fungi on 
Chemical Composition, Digestibility and Degradability of Sugar Beet Pulp. Iranian Journal of Animal 
Science 40(4): 1-12. In FarDu B, Yang Y, Bian Z and 
Ediriweera SS, Wijesundera RLC, Nanayakkara CM and Weerasena OV, 2015. Comparative study of 
growth and yield of edible mushrooms, Schizophyllum commune Fr., Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) 
Sacc. and Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. on lignocellulosic substrates. Mycosphere 6(6): 760-765.
Fazaeli H, Mahmodzadeh H, Azizi A, Jelan ZA, Liang JB, Rouzbehan Y and Osman A, 2004. Nutritive 
value of wheat straw treated with Pleurotus fungi. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 17(12): 
1681-1688.
Ghoorchi T, Razavi S, Behzad H, Mehrabi A and Mastani R, 2016. Effect of Trametes versicolor and 
Pleurotus ostreatus fungi on crude protein, NDF and ruminal degradability of dry matter and NDF of 
crops by-products. Animal Production Research 5(3): 59-69. In Farsi
Hajieghrari B and Farrokhi N, 2020. Investigation on the Conserved MicroRNA Genes in Higher Plants. 
Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 1-14 .
Hermosilla E, Rubilar O, Schalchli H, da Silva ASA, Ferreira-Leitao V and Diez MC, 2018. Sequential 
white-rot and brown-rot fungal pretreatment of wheat straw as a promising alternative for complementary 
mild treatments. Waste Management 79(1): 240-250.
تأثیر فرآوری کاه گندم با استفاده از کشت مایع و جامد قارچ شیزوفیلوم کمون بر ترکیب شیمیایی، تجزیهپذیری شکمبهای و گوارشپذیری و ... 59
Hong Y, Dashtban M, Chen S, Song R and Qin W, 2012. Enzyme production and lignin degradation by four 
basidiomycetes fungi in submerged fermentation of peat containing medium. International Journal of 
Biology 4(1): 172-180.
Karunanandaa K and Varga G, 1996. Colonization of rice straw by white-rot fungi (Cyathus stercoreus): 
Effect on ruminal fermentation pattern, nitrogen metabolism, and fiber utilization during continuous 
culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61(1): 1-16.
Komarek AR, 1994. U.S. Patent No. 5,370,007. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Kumar VP, Naik C and Sridhar M, 2015. Production, purification and characterization of novel laccase 
produced by Schizophyllum commune NI-07 with potential for delignification of crop residues. Applied 
Biochemistry and Microbiology 51(4): 432-441.
Leonowicz, A, Matuszewska A, Luterek J, Ziegenhagen D, Wojtaś-Wasilewska M, Cho NS and Rogalski, J,
1999. Biodegradation of lignin by white rot fungi. Fungal genetics and biology 27(2-3): 175-185.
Mahmoodmolai M, Farsi M, Naserian AA and Malekzadeh S, 2015. Evaluation of digestibility and chemical 
composition of bagasse processed with Pleurotus florida to produce animal feed. In: Proceedings of the
First National Conference on Modern Research In Livestock Science Focused On Environmental Stress, 
27-28 May., Birjand University, Birjand, Iran, pp. 761-764. In Farsi
Mehrabi A, Ghorchi T and Razavi S, 2015. Comparison of chemical composition and rumen degradability 
among four types of straws treated by Trametes versicolor fungus. Animal Sciences Journal 28(107): 49-
60. In Farsi
Menke KH and Staingass H, 1988. Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and 
in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development 28(1): 7-55.
Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D and Schneider W, 1979. The Estimation of 
Digestibility and Metabolisable Energy content of Ruminant Feedstuffs from the Gas Production when 
they incubated with Rumen Liquor in vitro. The Journal of Agricultural Science 92(1): 217-222.
Metri Y, Warly L and Suyitman A, 2018. Biodegradation of lignin by white rot fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) to 
decrease the fibre components in the palm midrib. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(2): 71-75.
Nakhaei Sh, Dehghani MR and Jalilvand Gh, 1395. Determination of nutritional value of common reed 
forage treated with oyster fungus with gas production and nylon bag methods. Journal of Animal Science 
Research 26(4): 45-57. In Farsi
Nasehi M, Torbatinejad NM, Zerehdaran S and Safaei AR, 2014. Effect of (Pleurotus florida) fungi on 
chemical composition and rumen degradability of wheat and barley straw. Iranian Journal of Applied 
Animal Science 4(2): 257-261.
Nasehi M, Torbatinejad NM, Zerehdaran S and Safaie AR, 2017. Effect of solid-state fermentation by oyster 
mushroom (Pleurotus Florida) on nutritive value of some Agro by-products. Journal of Applied Animal 
Research 45(1): 221-226.
Nasehi M, Torbatinezhad NM, Zerehdaran S and Safayi AR, 2012. Effect of biological treatment with oyster 
mushroom Pleurotus on the degradability of wheat and rice straw in Dalagh sheep. In: Proceedings of 
Fifth Iranian Congress of Animal Sciences, 29-30 august, Isfahan university, Isfahan, Iran, pp. 643- 652. 
Nayan N, Sonnenberg AS, Hendriks WH and Cone JW, 2018. Screening of white‐rot fungi for bioprocessing 
of wheat straw into ruminant feed. Journal of Applied Microbiology 125(2): 468-479 .
Niu D, Zuo S, Jiang D, Tian P, Zheng M and Xu C, 2018. Treatment using white rot fungi changed the 
chemical composition of wheat straw and enhanced digestion by rumen microbiota in vitro. Animal Feed 
Science and Technology 237(1): 46-54 .
Orskov ER and McDonald P, 1979. The estimation of protein digestibility in the rumen from incubation 
measurements weighed according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science 92(1): 499-503.
Rangkhawong P, 2014. Mycelial fermentation in submerged culture of Schizophyllum commune and its 
properties. Journal of Science and Technology 33(5): 420-420.
60 ثاقبی، خلیل وندی بهروزیار و .... نشریه پژوهشهای علوم دامی/ جلد 33 شماره /2 سال1402
Sahebi M, Pirmohammadi R, Khalilvandi-Behroozyar H and Anassori E, 2020. Potential of walnut (Juglans 
regia) leave ethanolic extract to modify ruminal fermentation, microbial populations and mitigate 
methane emission. Animal Production Science 60: 1189-1200.
Sallam SM, Bueno IC, Godoy PB, Nozella EF, Vitti DM and Abdalla AL, 2008. Nutritive value assessment 
of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) by-product as an alternative feed resource for ruminants. Tropical and 
subtropical agroecosystems 8(2): 181-189.
Sherafat M, Alijoo M and Asadnezhad B, 2020. Effects of flaxseed and soybean seeds on the performance of 
Maque ewes during transition period . Animal Production 22(2): 237-247. In Farsi
Sornlake W, Rattanaphanjak P, Champreda V, Eurwilaichitr L, Kittisenachai S, Roytrakul S, Fujii T and 
Inoue H, 2017. Characterization of cellulolytic enzyme system of Schizophyllum commune mutant and 
evaluation of its efficiency on biomass hydrolysis. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 81(7): 
1289-1299.
Soufizadeh M, Pirmohammadi R, Alijoo Y and Khalilvandi-Behroozyar H, 2018. Indigestible neutral 
detergent fibers: Relationship between forage fragility and neutral detergent fibers digestibility in total 
mixed ration and some feedstuffs in dairy cattle. Veterinary Research Forum 9(1): 49. 
Sujani S and Seresinhe RT, 2015. Exogenous enzymes in ruminant nutrition: A review. Asian-Australian 
Journal of Animal Sciences 9(3): 85-99.
Takalloozadeh M, Diyani O, Tahmasbi R and Khezri A, 2015. Determination of Chemical Composition, 
Physical Characteristics and Nutritive Value of Treated Walnut Hull by Neurospora Sitophila through 
Nylon Bag and Gas Production Methods. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Reaserch 6(3): 248-257.
Thammiah V, Samanta A.K, Senani S and Sridhar M, 2017. Scope of exogenous enzymes in enhancing 
ruminant productivity. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research 5(2): 67-72.
Theodorou MK, Williams BA, Dhanoa MS, McAllan AB and France J, 1994. A simple gas production 
method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal 
Feed Science and Technology 48(3-4): 185-197.
Tovar‐Herrera OE, Martha‐Paz AM, Pérez‐LLano Y, Aranda E, Tacoronte‐Morales JE, Pedroso‐Cabrera MT 
and Batista‐García RA, 2018. Schizophyllum commune: An unexploited source for lignocellulose 
degrading enzymes. Microbiology Open 7(3): e00637.
Tuyen DV, Phuong HN, Cone JW, Baars JJP, Sonnenberg ASM and Hendriks WH, 2013. Effect of fungal 
treatments of fibrous agricultural by-products on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation 
and methane production. Bio Resource Technology 129(2): 256-263 .
Van Soest PV, Robertson JB and Lewis BA, 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and 
non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74(10): 3583-3597.
Yalchi T and Hajieghrari B, 2011. Effect of fungal treatment on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal 
digestibility of some agricultural residues. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(85): 19707-19713.
Yilkal T, 2015. Role of White Rot Fungi as a Biological Treatment of Low Quality Animal Feeds: Review. 
Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 5(7): 247-255.
Zahida N, Khan SJ, Ammara Y, Muafia S, Shumaila U and Sakhawat A, 2015. Optimization of submerged 
culture conditions for biomass production in Schizophyllum commune, a medicinal 
mushroom. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 4(2): 258-266.
Zinn RA, Owens FN and Ware RA, 2002. Flaking corn: processing mechanics, quality standards, and 
impacts on energy availability and performance of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci 80: 1145-1156
Animal Science Research
Volume 33, Issue 2
September 2023
Pages 47-62

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 15 December 2021
  • Revise Date: 07 March 2022
  • Accept Date: 07 March 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics