Evaluation of poultry by-product meal replacement with soybean meal on growth, microbial population, rumen parameters, blood and microbial protein synthesis of fattening lambs

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Animal Science Research, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO.Gorgan, Iran.

Abstract

Background: By-products can have an important role in supplying livestock feed. Using these resources as a substitute for conventional resources decrease their demand for animal feed. One of the most common sources of demand is soybean meal. Optimal use of poultry by-products meal as a source of protein is one of the suggested solutions to decreases demand for soybean meal. Poultry by-products meal is said to be parts of poultry carcasses that have been milled if dry or wet, such as heads, feet, Intestines and viscera and except for feathers. Note that even in a good slaughterhouse there is a small amount of feather. The fat by more than 16% accelerates the Spoilage of this product, Therefore; it is recommended that the fat of these products should not be more than 10 to 12% (Gheshlagh Oliai et al. 2010; Watson 2006). Its chemical composition depends on the source of raw material, storage time of raw materials before processing, processing method, pressure and temperature during preparation and the amount of ash in the raw material (Jan Mohammadi et al., 1388). In order to use this by-product, the analysis of chemical composition and its effect on animal performance must be studied. The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of replacing protein sources conventional (soybean meal) with poultry by-products meal in the diet of fattening lambs and changes in growth, rumen and blood parameters, microbial population and microbial protein yield. Material and methods: In order to investigate the effect of replacing the waste powder of poultry slaughterhouses with soybean meal, 16 male Dalagh mixed lambs with an average weight of 29 ± 0.5 kg were tested at the research site of the Animal Science Department of Golestan Agricultural Research and Training Center. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 4 replacement levels and 4 replications. The diets of the lambs were adjusted according to the sheep nutritional requirements table (National Research Association 2007), with the same energy and protein levels. The lambs were fed a total mixed ration at two times on day with free access to water. Treatments (diets) included: control (soybean meal), 33% replacement, 67% replacement and 100% replacement of poultry by-product meal with soybean meal. Rumen fluid sampling was performed to measure ruminal parameters including volatile fatty acids, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration through the stomach tube 3 hours after feeding. Determination of ammonia nitrogen concentration was measured by phenol hypochlorite (Broderick and Kang, 1980) and volatile fatty acids using gas chromatography. The culture medium PAC was used to count the microbial load (AOAC, 2005) and Protozoa count was performed by Dehoerti (1984) method. Protozoa were counted under a 40% magnification microscope with a neobar slide. Blood samples were taken from Neck veins at the same time as ruminal fluid sampling for the concentration of total protein, urea nitrogen and sugar of blood. measurement of microbial protein yield in the rumen was performed by estimating excreted purine derivatives by Chen and Gomez (1995) method in the end period.Urine was collected for 4 consecutive days. The sample collection containers contained 100 sulfuric acid to keep the pH below 3 and were frozen until the sample was tested. Result and Discussion: At the end of the fattening period, no significant difference was observed in the gain characters: dry matter intake, weight gain of the period, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Changing the protein source to 10% of dry matter did not affect the palatability of the diet. Its efficacy for fattening indices has also been similar to that of soybean meal. There was a significant difference in blood urea nitrogen (P <0.05) and no significant difference was observed for other blood parameters (glucose and total protein). The comparison of the means between the treatments shows that treatment of 33% has a significant difference with the treatments of 66 and 100%. However, there was no significant difference between the control diet and 100% replacement. Also, blood urea nitrogen concentration was in the normal range. The correlation between NH3H and BUN and the lack of significant differences in blood glucose and protein concentrations indicate that the replacement of soybean meal with poultry by‌product meal in isocaloric and nitrogenic diets in 10% of dry matter has a similar effect on metabolism and physiology. Diet without poultry by-product meal has a higher bacterial population (P <0.01) and comparison of the mean effect of dietary protein source replacement levels on the protozoa population of ruminal fluid was not significantly different. The treatment of replacement 33% showed the highest level of ruminal NH3N (P <0.05). Acetate concentration was not significantly different between treatments and the concentration of propionate for treatment was 33% and 67% higher than other levels (P <0.01). Also, the ratio of acetate to propionate was significantly different (P <0.05). The pH of ruminal fluid for replacement levels was 33% and 67% lower than the control treatment (P <0.05). Replacement of the protein source in the diet with a constant content of nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations did not alter the ruminal ecosystem. The effect of replacement levels on the mean of microbial protein production was not significantly different. Therefore, by replacing a similar nutrient in the diet and on the other hand, the internal conditions of the body and the tendency for homeostasis can be interfering in the synthesis of microbial proteins. Conclusion: This study showed that the replacement of soybean meal with poultry by-product meal in lambs fattening diets up to 10% of dry matter did not have a negative response on fattening performance, blood and ruminal parameters. Also, it can reduce the demand for soybean meal in the rations.

Keywords


Agricultural Jihad Organization of Golestan Province. 2014. Statistics letter of the Deputy of Livestock Production.
Aldrich JM, Muller LD, Varga GA and Griel LC, 1993. Nonstructural carbohydrate and protein effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient flow, and performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 76(4):1091-1105.
A O A C. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2005. Official Method of Analysis. 18th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Archibeque SL, Burns JC, and Huntington GB, 2001. Urea flux in beef steers: Effects of forage species and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Animal Science 79(7):1937-1943.
A O A C. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1999. Official Method of Analysis. 15th ed. Assoc. Office Anal. Chem., Washington, DC.
Bohnert DW, Larson BT, Bauer ML, Branco AF, McLeod KR, Harmon DL and Mitchell GE, 1998. Nutritional evaluation of Poultry by-Product meal as a Protein source for ruminants: effects on performance and nutrient flow and disappearance in steers. Journal of Animal Science 76(4):2474-2484.
Broderick GA,and Kang JH, 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science 63(1):64–75.
Casper DP, Maiga HA, Brouk MJ and Schingoethe DJ, 1999. Synchronization of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermentation and passage rates in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82(8):1779–1790.
Chen XB and Gomes JM, 1995. Estimation of microbial Protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives an overview of the technical details. International feed resources unit, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn Aberdeen AB29SB. UK.
Danesh Mesgaran M, Tahmasebi A and Vakili SAR, 2008. Digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Mashhad Ferdowsi University (In Persian).
Davies HL, Robinson TF, Roeder BL, Shar PME, Johnston NP, Christensen AC and Schaalje GB, 2007. Digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood metabolites in L. lama (Lama glama) and alpaca (lama Pacos) fed barley or barley alfalfa diets. Small Ruminant Research 73(1-3): 1-7.
Dehority BA, 1984. Evaluation of sub sampling and fixation procedures used for counting rumen Protozoa. Appled Environtal Microbioly 48(1): 182-185.
Freeman SR, 2008. Utilization of poultry by products as protein sources in ruminant diets. PhD. Thesis. North Carolina State University.
Gheshlagh Aliaei M, 2010. Effect of poultry by product meal on egg yield and quality in laying hens. Master Thesis in Animal Science, Food and Animal Nutrition. University of Tabriz. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science
Gleghorn JF, Elam NA, Galyean ML, Duff GC, Cole NA and Rivera JD, 2004. Effects of crude protein concentration and degradability on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations in finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 82(9): 2705-2717.
Hall MB, 2013. Dietary starch source and protein degradability in diets containing sucrose: Effects on ruminal measures and proposed mechanism for degradable protein effects. Journal of Dairy Science 96(11): 7093–7109.
Hall MB and Huntington GB, 2008. Nutrient synchrony: Sound in theory, elusive in practice. Journal of Animal Science 82(suppl_14): 3237-3244.
Ibrahimi Khorram Abadi A, Tahmasebi AM, Danesh Mesgaran M, Abbas Ali Naserian, AA And Vakili SAR, 2014. The effect of different ratios of degradable protein to non-degradable protein in the rumen on nitrogen yield and urea transporter gene expression (type B) in growing Baluchi lambs. Journal of Ruminant Research 2(4): 1-22.
Ibrahimi Khoram Abadi E, Tahmasbi AM, Danesh Mesgaran M and Valizadeh R, 2011. Influence of protein sources with different degradability on performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and protozoal population in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances 10(1): 43-49.
Ikuta K, Sasakura K, Nishimori K, Hankanga C, Okada K and Yasuda J, 2005. Effects of supplement feeding order on lactation, diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia and urea in the blood and milk of dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 76(1): 29-36.
Janmohammadi H, Taghizadeh, A and Maleki Moghadam MR,2009. Effects of replacing fish meal with poultry by- product meal on growth performance and carcass quality in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss feeding. Journal of Animal Science Research. 1 (2):125-136.
Kamalak A, Canbolat O, Gurbuz Y and Ozay O, 2005b .Protected protein and amino acids in ruminants nutrition. KSU. Journal of Engineering Science 8(2): 84-87.
Khalid MF, Sarwar M, Rehman AU, Shahzad MA and Mukhtar N, 2012. Effect of dietary protein sources on lamb’s performance: A Review. Animal Science Applied of Iranian Journal 2(2): 111-120.
Klemesrud JJ, Klopfenstein TJ, Lewis AJ, 1998. Complementary responses between feather meal and poultry by-product meal with or without ruminally protected methionine and lysine in growing calves. Journal of Animal Science. 76(1):1970-1975.
Lallo CHO and Garci GW, 1994. Poultry by-product meal as a substitute for soybean meal in the diets of growing hair sheep lambs fed whole chopped sugarcane. Small Ruminant Research 14(2):107-114.
Lira-Casas R, Hernández-Calva LM, García-Juárez G, Salinas-Chavira J, Ortiz-Morales O and Suárez-González G, 2014. Effects of broiler-meat meal on performance and carcass characteristics of crossbred hair lambs. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 24(6):1668-1672.
Marghazani IB, 2012. Effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degrability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization in earlylacting sahiwal cows and nili-ravibuffaloes. A thesis for thegree of doctor of philosophy . university of veterinary and animal science, Lahore.
Najafabadi HJ, Moghaddam HN, Pourreza J, Shahroudi FE, Golian A, 2007. Determination of chemical composition, mineral contents and protein quality of poultry by–product meal. Journal of Poultry Science 6(2): 875-882.
National Research Council (NRC), 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, USA.
PonnamPalam EN, Egan AR, Sinclair AJ and Leury BJ, 2005. Feed intake, growth, Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen concentration, and carcass traits of lambs fed isoenergetic amounts of canola meal, soybean meal, and fish meal with forage based diet. Small Ruminant Research 58(3): 245-252.
Rotger A, Ferret A, Calsamiglia S and Manteca X, 2006. Effects of nonstructural carbohydrates and protein sources on intake, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal metabolism studied in vivo and in vitro with high-concentrate beef cattle diets. Journal of Animal Science 84(5): 1188–1196.
Sano H, Sawada H, Takenami A, Oda S and Al-Mamun M, 2007. Effect of dietary energy intake and cold exposure on kinetics of plasma glucose metabolism in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 91(1-2): 1-5.
Seo KJ, Yang J, Kim HJ, Upadhaya SD, Cho WM and Ha JK, 2010. Effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and protein supply on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in Holstein steers. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 23(11): 1455–1461.
Statistical Analysis System, 2001. SAS/STAT User's Guide: Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
Sungwaporn Y, 2004. Feeding value of secondary protein nutrients for broilers. PhD. Thesis. North Carolina State University
Viswanathan TV and Fontenot JP, 2009 .Effects of Feeding different protein Supplements on digestibility, nitrogen balance and calcium and phosphorus utilization in sheep. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 22(5): 643-650.
Watson H, 2006. Poultry meal vs poultry by-product meal.published in Dogs in Canada Magazine Junuary 2006. From http://www.hilarywatson.com/chicken.pdf.
Yalchi T, Teymouri Yansari A, Rezaei M, Chashni Del Y, 2016. Simultaneous effect of rumen fermentation rate on nitrogen balance, microbial construction and growth performance of larry breeding male lambs. Journal of Ruminant Research 4(4): 67-97.