Effects of supplementing saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast probiotics on rumen fermentation parameters of high concentrated total mixed rations in vitro

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, Urmia University

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal science, Urmia University

3 Department of Animal Science Urmia University

4 .Department of Animal Science, Arak University

5 Research Associate, Physiology section, Institute of Animal Science, University og Bonn

Abstract

Introduction: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most commn probiotics used in ruminant nutrition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae increase gas production through specific biochemical mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms, based on the yeast's ability to excrete excess oxygen from the rumen, create a better space for ruminal anaerobic bacteria. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can provide a place for metabolic exchange and a suitable environment for the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms around the substrates. On the other hand, increased gas production by adding yeast may be due to increased propionate fatty acid production due to improved ruminal fermentation. Because carbon dioxide is produced by some rumen bacteria through the succinate-propionate pathway when propionate is produced. Because the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids produces gases in the rumen that are mainly hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, the addition of yeast not only has the potential to improve gas production. , But can cause qualitative changes in the gases produced and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Addition of yeast in concentrated diets increased the population of fiber decomposing microorganisms compared to the control group without adding yeast. Yeast also directly stimulates ruminal fungi, which may improve fiber digestion. Gas production forms the basis of any substrate, mainly dependent on the availability of nutrients for ruminal microorganisms It is quite clear that the increase in gas production was due to the increase in crude protein content. It is well known that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ability to reduce the production of ammonia in the rumen. By reducing protein degradation and overall nitrogen excretion by the animal, which helps reduce ammonia emissions from cattle manure. The direct result of this action is an increase in protein bypass in the rumen, which is absorbed and metabolized as a real protein in the gastrointestinal tract and small intestine. Reducing the latency phase by increasing the protein content (for example, a diet with higher crude protein) indicates the rapid activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the fermentation process. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains small peptides and other nutrients that are needed by the dominant ruminal cellulite bacteria to initiate growth. The activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on many factors, including the availability of nutrients to rumen microorganisms, which stimulates the fermentation process. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yeast supplementation on fermentation parameters in total mixed rations in vitro.
Materials and Methods: Accordingly, the effect of 4 levels of yeast supplementation involved, zero, 4, 8 and 12 mg/g of yeast in two TMR diets containing 60 and 70% of concentrates, on the kinetics and parameters of gas production, rumen fermentation parameters including pH, ammonia nitrogen, concentration and profiles of volatile fatty acids, and true digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibers were evaluated. In addition, the effect of yeast supplementation on the population of protozoa, anaerobic fungi and cellulolytic microorganisms were evaluated using molecular techniques. In this experiment, three adult Holstein steers equipped with ruminal fistulas were used to prepare ruminal fluid. For the polymerase chain reaction, after sequencing the primers, DNA extracted was amplified using PCR to check their specificity. DNA amplification was examined by system (R-T PCR) with three replications for each pair of primers.
Results and Discussion: Addition of different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in the amount of gas produced by increasing the incubation time of experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between different levels of supplementation, so that from 24 hours after incubation onwards, the highest amount of gas produced in the experimental diets was at the level of 12 mg/g supplement was observed. Addition of different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in the total amount of VFA produced in the rumen with increasing levels of supplementation in experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between different levels of supplementation, so that the highest amount of total VFA produced in both diets was observed at the level of 12 mg/g supplement. The effect of adding different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in ruminal pH and a decrease in ruminal ammonia production by increasing the level of supplementation in experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between different levels of supplementation, so that the greatest increase in ruminal pH and decrease in ammonia production in experimental diets at the level of 12 mg/g. The effect of diet type was also significantly different (P <0.05). The highest increase in ruminal pH and decrease in ammonia production was observed in diets containing 60% concentrate. The results of this study showed that the yeast supplementation in high fermentative TMR diets, increased (P<0.05) the rumen environmental stability, increased (P<0.05) the fermentability of dietary insoluble fraction, reduced (P<0.05) the gas production rate and reduced (P<0.05) the lag phase. degradation of nutrients without affecting the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergents and the digestibility of insoluble fibers in acidic detergents with diets containing higher crude protein, even with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dry matter digestibility showed improved.
Conclusions: Yeast supplementation improved fiber digestibility and reduced lactate accumulation and LPS concentration by stabilizing the an-aerobic environment in the rumen and stimulating the growth and activity of fiber-degrading microorganisms.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abdulmumini BA and Shengyong M. 2021. Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review, Animal Nutrition 7: 31-41.
Ando S Khan RI Takahasi J Gamo Y Morikawa R Nishiguchi Yand Hayasaka K. 2004. Manipulation of rumen fermentation by yeast: the effect of dried beer yeast on the in vitro degradability of forages and methane production. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 17: 68-72.
Bach A Calsamiglia S and Stern MD. 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 9–21.
Callaway ES and Martin SA. 1997. Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on ruminal bacteria that utilize lactate and digest cellulose. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 2035–2044.
Chaucheyras F Fonty G Bertin G and Gouet P. 1995. In vitro utilization by a ruminal acetogenic bacterium cultivated alone or in association with an Archea methanogen is stimulated by a probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 3466.
Chaucheyras Durand F Walker ND and Bach A. 2008. Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145: 5–26.
Chevaux E Fabre MM. 2007. Probiotic yeast in small ruminants. Feed Mix 15: 28-29.
Chiquette J. 1995. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae, used alone or in combination as a feed supplement for beef and dairy cattle. Canadian journal of Animal Science 75: 405-415.
DehghanBanadaky M Ebrahimi M Motameny R and Heidari SR. 2012. Effects of live yeast supplementation on mid-lactation dairy cow's performances, milk composition, rumen digestion and plasma metabolites during hot season. Journal of Applied Animal Research 23: 1-6.
Dehority BA. 1979. Ciliate protozoa in the rumen of Brazilian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. Journal of Protozoology 26: 536-544.
Denman SE and McSweeney CS. 2006. Development of a real-time PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 58: 572–582.
Di Francia A Masucci F DeRosa G Varrichio ML and Proto V. 2008. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract and a saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on intake, body weight gain and digestibility in buffalo calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 140: 67-77.
Ding J Zhou ZM Ren LP and Meng QX. 2008. Effect of Monensin and live yeast supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters in lambs fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 21: 547-554.
Elghandour MMY Kholif AE MárquezMolina O VázquezArmijo JF Puniya AK and Salem AZM. 2015. Influence of individual or mixed cellulase and xylanase mixture on in vitro rumen gas production kinetics of total mixed rations with different maize silage and concentrate ratios. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 39: 435–442.
Elghandour MMY Salem AZM Martínez Castañeda JS Camacho LM Kholif AE and Vázquez Chagoyán JC. 2015. Direct-fed microbes: a tool for improving the utilization of low-quality roughages in ruminants. Journal of Integrated Agriculture. 14: 526–533.
Elghandour MMY Vázquez Chagoyán JC Salem AZM Kholif A E Martínez Castañeda JS Camacho LM and CerrilloSoto MA. 2014. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at direct addition or pre-incubation on in vitro gas production kinetics and degradability of four fibrous feeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science 13: 295–301.
Fuller R. 1992. Probiotics: the scientific basis.  Chapman and Hall. London pp: 1-20.
Girard ID. 1996. Characterization of stimulatory activities from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth and activities of ruminal bacteria. PhD Dissertation., University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Holder V. 2007. The effects of specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and Monensin supplementation on rumen fermentation in vitro. PhD Dissertation pp: 147.
Hossain SA Parnerkar S Haque N Gupta RS Kumar D and Tyagi AK. 2012. Influence of dietary supplementation of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on nutrient utilization ruminal and biochemical profiles of Kankrej calves.  Journal of Animal Science 1: 30-38.
Hosseinabadi M DehghanBanadaky M and Zali A. 2018. Comparison the effects of feeding yeast probiotic in milk or starter on growth performance, health, blood and rumen parameters of Holstein calves. Animal Production 20.
Hristov AN Oh J Firkins JL Dijkstra J Kebreab E Waghorn G Makkar HP Adesogan AT Yang W and Lee C. 2013. Special topics: mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. Journal of Animal Science91: 5045–5069.
Johnston M and Kim JH. 2005. Glucose as a hormone: receptor mediated glucose sensing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.  Biochemical Society Transactions 33: 247-252.
Jouany JP. 2001. A new look to the yeast culture as probiotics for ruminants. Feed Mix 9: 17–19.
Julliand S Martin A and Julliand V. 2018. Effect of live yeast supplementation on gastric ecosystem in horses fed a high-starch diet. Livestock Science 215: 25-29.
Kholif AE Khattab HM El-Shewy AA Salem AZM Kholif AM ElSayed MM Gado HM and Mariezcurrena MD. 2014. Nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation activities, serum parameters and milk production and composition of lactating goats fed diets containing rice straw treated with Pleurotus ostreatus. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 27: 357–364.
Ko CH Liang H and Gaber RF. 1993. Roles of multiple glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular Cell Biology 13: 638-648.
Koike S and Kobayashi Y. 2001. Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: fibrobacter succinogenes, ruminococcus albus and ruminococcus flavefaciens. FEMS Microbiology Letters 204: 361-366.
Kruckeberg AL and Bisson LF. 1990. The HXT2 gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for high - affinity glucose transporter required. Molecular Cell Biology 10: 5903-5913.
Maeda H Fujimoto C Haruki Y Maeda T Kokeguchi S Petelin M Arai H Tanimoto I Nishimura F and Takashiba S. 2003. Quantitative real-time PCR using TaqMan and SYBR Green for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, gene and total bacteria. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 39: 81–86.
Makkar HPS Blümmel M and Becker K. 1995. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone’s or polyethylene glycols and tannins and their implications in gas production and true digestibility in in vitro techniques. British Journal of Nutrition 73: 897–933.
Mao HL Mao HL Wang JK Liu JX and Yoon I. 2013. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on in vitro fermentation and microbial communities of low-quality forages and mixed diets. Journal of Animal Science 91:3291– 3298.
MillerWebster T Hoover WH Holt M and Nocek JE. 2002. Influence of yeast culture on ruminal microbial metabolism in continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science 85:2009–2014.
Mosoni P Chaucheyras Durand F BeratMaillet C and Forano E. 2007. Quantification by real time PCR of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen of sheep after supplementation of a forage diet with readily fermentable carbohydrates. Effect of a yeast additive. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103: 2676–2685.
Newbold CJ Wallace RJ Chen XB and McIntosh FM. 1995. Different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ in their effects on ruminal bacterial numbers in vitro and in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 1811-1819.
Nikkhah A and Dehghan Banadaky M. 2004. Effects of feeding yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) on productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cow. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 35.
Ogata T Kim Y H Masaki T Iwamoto E Ohtani Y Orihashi T Ichijo T and Sato S. 2019. Effects of an increased concentrate diet on rumen pH and the bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle at different fattening stages. The Journal of veterinary medical science 81: 968–974.
Olagaray KE Sivinski SE Saylor BA Mamedova LK SaulsHiesterman JA Yoon I and Bradford BJ. 2019. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on feed intake parameters, lactation performance, and metabolism of transition dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 102: 8092–8107.
Patra AK. 2012. The use of live yeast products as microbial feed additives in ruminant nutrition. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7: 366-375.
Perez M Luyten K Michel R Riou C and Blondin B. 2005. Analysis of saccharomyces cerevisiae hexose carrier expression during wine fermentation: both low- and high- affinity hexose transporter expressed. FEMS Yeast Research 5: 351-361.
Polyorach S Wanapat M and Cherdthong A. 2014. Influence of yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) and roughage to concentrate ratio on ruminal fermentation and microorganisms using in vitro gas production technique. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 27: 36–45.
 
Potu RB AbuGhazaleh AA Hastings D Jones K and Ibrahim A. 2011. The effect of lipid supplements on ruminal bacteria in continuous culture fermenters varies with the fatty acid composition. Journal of Microbiology 49:216-223.
Pourabbasali N Torbatinejad NM Hasani S and Gharahbash AM. 2007. Study of the effect Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on fattening performance and blood metabolites of Atabai lambs. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 14: 21-43
Russell JB. 2002. Rumen Microbiology and Its Role in Ruminant Nutrition. Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) Ed 122p.
Strohlein H. 2003. Back to nature. Live yeasts in feed for dairy cows. DMZ, Lebensm Ind Milchwirtsch, 124: 68–71.
Sullivan HM and Martin SA. 1999. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 2011-2016.
Sylvester JT Karnati SKR Yu Z Morrison M and Firkins JL. 2004. Development of an assay to quantify rumen ciliate protozoal biomass in cows using real-time PCR. Journal of Nutrition 134: 3378–3384.
Tajima K Aminov RI Nagamine T Matsui H Nakamura M and Benno Y. 2001. Diet-dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 2766–2774.
Tang SX Tayo GO Tan ZL Sun ZH Shen LX Zhou CS Xiao WJ Ren GP Han XF and Shen SB. 2008. Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws. Journal of Animal Science 86: 1164-1172.
Tripathi MK and Karim MS. 2010. Effect of individual and mixed live yeast culture feeding on growth performance, nutrient utilization and microbial crude protein synthesis in lamb.  Animal Feed Science and Technology 155: 163-171.
Watanabe Y Kim YH Kushibiki S Ikuta K Ichijo T and Shigeru S. 2019. Effects of active dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal fermentation and bacterial community during the short-term ruminal acidosis challenge model in Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science 102: 6518-6531.
Williams PE Tait CA Innes GM and Newbold CJ. 1991. Effects of the inclusion of yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentations patterns in the rumen of steers. Journal of Animal Science 69: 3016-3022.
Wolin MJ and Miller TL. 1988. Microbe-microbe interactions. In: P.N. Hobson and C.S. Stewart (eds.) In: The rumen microbial ecosystem. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany pp: 467-491.
Yang SL Bu DP Wang JQ Hu ZY Li D Wei HY Zhou LY and  Loor JJ. 2009. Soybean oil and linseed oil supplementation affect profiles of ruminal microorganisms in dairy cows. Animal 3: 1562–1569.
Animal Science Research
Volume 33, Issue 4
April 2024
Pages 61-81

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 December 2021
  • Revise Date: 02 May 2022
  • Accept Date: 05 May 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics