Effect of sodium, calcium, processed, and natural bentonites on ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration using in vitro methods


Abdullah N, Hanita H, Ho YW, Kudo H, Jalaludin S and Ivan M, 1995. The effects of bentonite on rumen protozoa population and rumen fluid characteristics of sheep fed palm kernel cake. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 8(3): 249-254.
Aghashahi AR, Nikkhah A, Mirhadi SA and Moradi Shahre Babak M, 2005. Effects of natural bentonite   (Montmorillonite), processed bentonite and clinopetilolite-rich tuff on the fermentation parameters, rumen microbial population  and feedlot performance in male calves. Iranian journal of agricultural sciences 36(3): 613-623. (In Persian)
Aghashahi AR, Nikkhah A, Mirhadi SA, Zahedifar M and Mansouri H, 2006. Effect of different level of unprocessed bentonite, processed bentonite, and clinoptilolite of different rumen degradable protein level, on ammonia concentration, soluble and digestible protein (In-vitro). Pajouhesh and sazandegi 70: 80-90. (In Persian)
Amiri Rigi Z, 1386. Acid activation of bentonites from Khorasan as bleaching soil. MSc thesis, Iran University of science and technology.
AOAC International. 2002. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 17th edition. 1st revision. Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Association of Analytical Communities.
Azizi S, Jazayeri SH and Peyghambarzadeh SM, 2008. The effect of activation parameters on the adsorption ability of activated bentonite. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal 34: 50-56.
Bequette BJ, Backwell FR and Crompton LA, 1998. Current concepts of amino acid and protein metabolism in the mammary gland of the lactating ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 2540-2559.
Bierman S, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Stock RA and Shain DH, 1999. Evaluation of nitrogen and organic matter balance in the feedlot as affected by level and source of dietary fiber. Journal of Animal Science 77: 1645-1653.
Brigatti MF, Lugli C, Montorsi S and Poppi L, 1999. Effects of exchange cations and layer-charge location on cysteine retention by smectites. Clays and clay minerals 47: 664-671.
Brindly GW and Brown G, 1980. Crystal structures of clay minerala and their X-ray identification. First edition. Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, European mineralogical union, Vol. 5.
Bringe AN and Schultz LH, 1969. Effects of roughage type or added bentonite in maintaining fat test. Journal of Dairy Science 52: 465-471.
Britton RA, Colling DP and Klopenstein TJ, 1978. Effect of complexing sodium bentonite with soybean meal or urea on in vitro ruminal ammonia release and nitrogen utilization in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 46: 1738-1747.
Broderick GA and Reynal SM 2009. Effect of source of rumen-degraded protein on production and ruminal metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92(6): 2822-2834.
Chorom M, Rengasamy P, 1996. Effect of heating on swelling and dispersion of different cationic forms of a smectite. Clays and clay minerals 44: 783-790.
Ensminger L and Gieseking J, 1941. The absorption of proteins by montmorillonitic clays and its effect on base-exchange capacity. Soil Science 51: 125-132.
Fenn PD and Leng RA, 1989. Wool growth and sulfur amino acid entry rate in sheep fed roughage based diets supplemented with bentonite and sulfur amino acids. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 40: 889-896.
Galyean ML, 1996. Protein levels in beef cattle finishing diets: industry application, university research, and systems results. Journal of Animal Science 74: 2860-2870.
Grim RE, 1968. Clay Mineralogy. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
Hammond AC, 2006. Update on BUN and MUN as a guide for protein supplementation in cattle, US Department of  Agriculture, Florida.
Hammond AC, 1983. Effect of dietary protein level, ruminal protein solubility and time after feeding on plasma urea nitrogen and the relationship of plasma urea nitrogen to other ruminal and plasma parameters. Journal of Animal Science 57(Suppl. 1): 435.
Kashani Motlagh MM, Youzbashi AA and Amiri Rigi Z, 2011. Effect of acid activation on structure and bleaching of properties of a bentonite. Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 8 (4): 50-56.
Kazemi M, Eskandary Torbaghan A, Tahmasbi AM, Valizadeh R, Naserian AA, 2017. Effects of phosalone consumption via feeding with or without sodium bentonite on performance, blood metabolites and its transition to milk of Iranian Baluchi sheep. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 59: 10.
Magnoli AP, Monge MP, Miazzo RD, Cavaglieri LR, Magnoli CE, Merkis CI, Cristofolini AL, Dalcero AM and Chiacchiera SM, 2010. Effect of low levels of aflatoxin B1 on performance, biochemical parameters, and aflatoxin B1 in broiler liver tissues in the presence of monensin and sodium bentonite. Poultry Science 90: 48–58
Martin LC, Clifford AJ and Tillman AD, 1969. Studies on sodium bentonite in ruminant diets contaning urea. Journal of Animal Science 29: 777-782.
McDougall EL, 1948. Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva. The Journal of Biochemistry 43: 99-106.
Menke K and Steingass H, 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development 28: 7-55.
Mojtahedi M and Danesh Mesgaran M, 2011. Effects of the inclusion of dried molassed sugar beet pulp in a low-forage diet on the digestive process and blood biochemical parameters of Holstein steers. Livestock Science 141: 95-103.
Mohsen MK and Tawfik ES, 2002. Growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood constituents of goats fed diets supplemented with bentonite. Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University, Egypt, 7 pp.
Mokaya R, Jones W, Davies ME, and Whittle ME, 1994. The mechanism of chlorophyll adsorption on acid-activated clays. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 111: 157-163.
Nikkhah A, Safamehr AR and Moradi Shahre Babak M, 2001. Effect of natural clinoptilolite-rich tuff and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield, milk composition and blood profile in Holstein cows. 13th international conference, Montpelleir, France.
Onal M, Sarikaya Y and Alemdaroglu T, 2002. The effect of acid activation on some physicochemical properties of a bentonite. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 26: 409-416.
Pinck L, Dyal R and Allison F, 1954. Protein-montmorillonite complexes, their preparation and the effects of soil microorganisms on their decomposition. Soil Science 78: 109-118.
Rinsig RB, Schultz LH and Shook GE, 1969. Effects of the addition of bentonite to high-grain dairy rations which depress milk fat percentage. Journal of Dairy Science 52: 1770-1775.
Seo JK, Yanga J, Kim HJ, Upadhaya SD, Cho DM and Ha JK, 2010. Effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and protein supply on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in Holstein steers. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 23 (11): 1455-1461.
Sinclair KD, Garnsworthy PC, Mann GE and Sinclair LA, 2014. Reducing dietary protein in dairy cow diets: implications for nitrogen utilization, milk production, welfare and fertility. Animal 8(2): 262-274.
Sreedharan V and Sivapullaiah PV, 2012. Effect of Organic modification on adsorption behaviour of bentonite. Indian Geotech Journal 42(3): 161-168.
Stern MD, Varga GA, Clark JH, Firkins JL, Huber JT and Palmquist DL, 1994. Evaluation of chemical and physical properties of feeds that affect protein metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 2762-2786.
Theodorou MK, Williams BA, Dhanoa MS, Mc Allan AB and France J, 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 48: 185–197.
Timofeeva AS and Nikitchenko TV, 2014. Effect of the contents of flux and bentonite on the strength of dry pellets. Metallurgist 58(7–8): 637-639.
Van Horn HH, Newton GL and Kunkle WE, 1996. Ruminant nutrition from an environmental perspective: factors affecting whole-farm nutrient balance. Journal of Animal Science 74: 3082-3102.
Vandenhove H, Cremers A, Smolders E and Van Hees M, 2005. Effect of K and bentonite additions on Cs-transfer to ryegrass. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 81: 233-253.
Wickersham TA, Titgemeyer EC, Cochran RC, Wickersham EE and Gnad DP, 2008. Effect of rumen-degradable intake protein supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming low-quality forage. Journal of Animal Science 86: 3079-3088.
Youzbash AA, Esmaeili Aval M and Sarafi MH, 2003. Evaluation of effective factors on acid activation of bentonite from Iran. International journal of industrial engineering and production management 14(5): 247-258.