نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته دانشگاه تبریز
2 عضو هیئت علمی گروه علوم دامش دانشگاه تبریز
3 گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز
4 عضو هیئت علمی- دانشگاه تبریز
5 دانشیار گروه علوم دامی دانشگاه تبریز
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: Iran is one of the largest producers of palm leaf by-products. Palm leaves have excellent potential to be used as animal feed. However, the nutritional barrier for a Palm leaves consists of several factors such as high lignin content, low digestive potential and low metabolic energy. Recently, a more general solution to this challenge has been proposed, which are mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments of palm leaf by-products. With this motivation, the overall aim of this work was to investigate Kluyveromyces marxianus microbial inoculants and molasses on the chemical composition and nutritional value of ensiled palm leaves based on in vitro techniques.
Material and method: The leaves of palm trees were collected from the groves of Bushehr province and then chopped into 3 to 5 cm pieces. Since bagasse is a common feed sourced from agricultural waste, in the present study, bagasse was used to compare the nutritional value of palm leaves with a common agriculture waste as a feed in ruminant nutrition. Palm leaves were treated with different concentrations of microbial additives and molasses. The bacterial additive, used under the brand name Kluyveromyces marxianus sub at the manufacturer's recommended amount (109 per ml), was mixed with water and applied to the treatments as a spray. Experimental treatments included palm leaf, palm leaf silage with no additives, and palm leaf silage with microbial additive and molasses at various concentrations. For approximate analysis, dried silage samples were measured at 80 °C according to the methods recommended by AOAC (2005) and NDF and ADF according to Van Soust (1991). The recommended method by Fedorak and Herody was used to measure gas production and the recommended method by Parnian et al. (2014) was used to determine the in vitro degradability. The required rumen fluid was collected from two Fistula ewes fed a diet containing 60% concentrate and 40% forage. The basic mathematical model was used to determine the gas production and degradability parameters. This research was conducted in a fully randomized design (CRD) and the data were analyzed using SAS software.
Result and discussion: On this basis, the palm leaf silage containing 50% molasses had the highest dry matter among other processed treatments. Ziaei et al. (2008) reported that adding 10% molasses to silage of palm branches increased the dry matter of the silage by more than 5% and accounted for 93% of the dry matter of palm branches without additives. Furthermore, the highest crude protein levels were associated with the treatment of silage with molasses and microbial additives, and the lowest levels of crude protein with bagasse and unprocessed palm leaves. Also, the highest amount of ash was due to the treatment of silage with molasses and the lowest amount to the treatment of bagasse and unprocessed palm leaves. Moreover, the result showed that microbial additive alone has no effect on the ash content of palm leaf silage. Cascon et al. (2005) reported that adding molasses to sorghum silage increases raw ash, consistent with the results of the present study. The results show that the process of ensiling palm leaves with molasses and microbial additive reduces NDF and ADF, and there was a significant difference between palm leaf silage with no additive and palm leaf silage with molasses and microbial additive (p<0.05). Based on gas production results, palm leaves showed a significant difference from the processed treatments at all incubation times (P<0.05). According to Chiquette et al. (1998) Palm leaves have higher levels of phenolic compounds than bagasse, including tannins, and tannins reduce the binding of rumen microorganisms to nutrients due to their high ability to form complexes with carbohydrates and proteins, and therefore have lower gas production. The results showed that the dry matter degradability of palm leaves processed with molasses and microbial inoculum differs significantly from the control treatment due to low NDF and ADF and high crude protein and ash content. The degradability of the dry matter was higher in the processed treatments than in the control treatment. Sadeghi et al. (2007) reported that the addition of urea and molasses to palm shoots reduced NDF and ADF and increased the digestibility of palm leaves. Also in the study by Alikhani et al. (2005) adding molasses to silage as a carbohydrate source increases dry matter degradability by 13% compared to molasses-free treatments and cites an increase in the population of cell wall-degrading microorganisms due to the use of molasses as a growth factor.
Abstract. Iran is one of the largest producers of palm leaf by-products. Palm leaves have excellent potential to be used as animal feed. However, the nutritional barrier for a Palm leaves consists of several factors such as high lignin content, low digestive potential and low metabolic energy. Recently, a more general solution to this challenge has been proposed, which are mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments of palm leaf by-products. With this motivation, the overall aim of this work was to investigate Kluyveromyces marxianus microbial inoculants and molasses on the chemical composition and nutritional value of ensiled palm leaves based on in vitro techniques. Experimental treatments included palm leaf silage with no additives and palm leaf silage with the microbial additive and molasses at different concentrations. This research was conducted in a fully randomized design and the data were analyzed using SAS software. The results showed that palm leaves in silage with molasses contained the highest dry matter content (DM) and the lowest DM content occurred in the ensilage treatment of palm leaves with and without the microbial additive. Based on the results, treatment of palm leaves in silage with molasses and the microbial additive resulted in an increase in crude protein, crude fat and ash content and, in contrast, a decrease in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF). The results of the gas production test from the experimental treatments at different incubation times showed that the silage treatments with molasses and the microbial additive produced less gas than unprocessed palm leaves. In terms of DM degradability, significant differences between treatments were observed at different incubation times (P<0.05). The lowest and highest percentages of degradability were measured in unprocessed palm leaves and in silage treatment with molasses and microbial inoculum. Overall, the test results showed that silage containing molasses and the microbial additive improves the nutritional value and degradability of palm leaves, and palm leaves can be used as ruminant feed.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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