نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز
2 استادیار گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز
3 دانشیار گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز
4 استاد گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: One of the potential sources of livestock nutrition is waste and Citrus by-products. The use of these food sources due to availability, low price, palatability, improving feed quality and also to reduce environmental pollution, has been increasingly considered by ranchers and animal nutritionists. The lime tree or Mexican lime, scientifically known as Citrus aurantifolia, is a small tree that belongs to the citrus family or Rutaceae and the order Rutales (Peterson et al. 2006). The fruit of Mexican lime cultivar in Iran is called Shiraz water, glass lemon and Omani lemon (Qazvini 1998). The tree has a small fruit with a thin green bark that turns yellow when fully ripe and falls off after turning yellow. This fruit is very fragrant, juicy and acidic (Daneshgar 2007). The color of the edible part of the fruit is green and sour taste (Tabrizi 1369). In 2019, Iran was in the tenth place in the world with the production of more than 471 thousand tons of lemons (lemon & lime) (FAOSTAT, 2020). It is expected that in the coming years, with the improvement of cultivation methods, management techniques, plant health conditions and also the existence of favorable weather, lime production in Iran will increase. Most of the lime fruit goes to factories and processing centers to produce lemon juice, concentrate or essential oil (Animal Feed Commission 2016). Lime fruit residues after dehydration are called lime pulp, which mainly contains the skin, kernel and pulp residues from dehydration. It makes up about 54% of the total weight of the fruit, which usually varies depending on the type of fruit, processing methods and environmental factors (Mahato et al. 2019). Lime pulp is an energy source for ruminants and can be used as a non-forage fiber with high degradability in ruminant diets (Lashkari and Taghizadeh 2013).Due to the seasonal production and low shelf life of lime pulp, the need to use processes that enable us to provide this product all year round seems necessary. Forage storage in the form of silage is a common method of providing ruminant food sources at times of the year when fresh forage is not available. In this method, due to the activity of lactic acid-producing bacteria and under anaerobic conditions, water-soluble carbohydrates in forage water are converted to organic acids (mainly lactic acid) and reduce the pH and thus protect forage from microbial spoilage (Filia 2003). Lime pulp is a suitable option for silage due to its digestible fibers, energy, sugar and high humidity and can be economically useful and provide nutrients for livestock (Delfard et al. 1396).Various additives can be used to improve the nutritional quality of silage. Lime pulp is low in sugar (Kumar et al. 2022). Molasses is a cheap source of carbohydrates for lactic acid bacteria and can increase lactic fermentation. Due to the fact that lime fruit is washed before watering, the population of Lactobacillus in lime pulp is reduced. In order to provide a sufficient population of Lactobacillus, a lactic acid-producing bacterial additive can be used to achieve a sufficient amount of lactic acid and to reduce acetic and butyric acid during the preparation of lime pulp silage (LPS).
Material and methods: This research was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 3 replications in each treatment: 1) Lime pulp treatment, control, (LPS), 2) Lime pulp treatment mixed with 5% molasses, (LPMS), 3) Lime pulp treatment inoculated with Silolact additive (Includes: Lactobacillus plantarium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and dextrose monohydrate), (LPMLS), 4) Treatment of lime pulp inoculated with enzyme Silolact additive (including Lactobacillus plantarium - Lactobacillus acidophilus and enzymes), (LPMLES). Samples were stored in laboratory silos for 25 days at 25° C. The appearance properties of silage, aerobic stability and physicochemical properties of silages were investigated.
Results and discussion: According to the results, there was a significant difference between the treatments in terms of NDF, ADF, ash and pH (P <0.05). The control treatment had better performance in terms of pH and Flieg points (P <0.05). Pectin levels in the control treatment had the highest decrease, but this decrease was not significant. Addition of molasses decreased WHC and increased WSC and improved aerobic stability and apparent quality of silage (P <0.05). The lactic acid concentration of inoculated silos (LPMLS and LPMLES) was higher than non-inoculated silos (P <0.01). The lowest concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid were observed in inoculated silos (LPMLS and LPMLES) (P <0.05). Concentrations of valeric acid and iso-valeric acid were not affected by enzyme and inoculation of lactobacilli (P = 0.07(. According to the results, the control treatment had better performance in terms of pH, Flieg point and WHC and the addition of molasses reduced WHC and increased water-soluble carbohydrates, pH, Ash, fiber insoluble in neutral and acidic detergent and improved appearance quality and aerobic stability. Bacterial and enzymatic inoculations had a beneficial effect on fermentation and nutritional quality of lime pomace silage. The results of our study emphasized the importance of pH in creating a microbial population of silage in a pectin-containing environment. The high WHC in lime pulp suggests it as a functional substance to avoid synergism and modify the viscosity of diets. Molasses makes the acidic environment of fresh lime pulp more alkaline, so that in the early stages of silage, we see a more suitable pH for microbial activity, especially of Lactobacillus. The use of bacterial and enzymatic additives in the early stages of silage has a beneficial effect on the fermentation and nutritional quality of lime pulp silage.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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