نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه تغذیه دام و طیور، دانشکده علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
2 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
3 گروه تغذیه دام و طیور - دانشکده علوم دامی -دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منا بع طبیعی گرگان-گرگان-ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Introduction: Colostrum is essential for the growth and development of the calf, not only as a food but also as a passive immunity transmitter. Feeding the calf with colostrum is one of the first and important steps in calf nursing. This happens when the calf is less than a week old. Colostrum is rich in nutrients that are needed for the growth of the body and includes sufficient and required amounts of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, trace elements and vitamins. In dairy cattle management, the calf receives colostrum during the first 4 days of life, and then the colostrum is replaced by milk. The protein digestion system of the calf remains immature from birth to three weeks of age, so it is not able to break down proteins other than milk. It is necessary for the calf to receive a sufficient amount of colostrum, which is considered both in terms of immunoglobulin concentration and in terms of reducing intestinal permeability to immunoglobulin during the first 24 hours after calving (Godden et al., 2019). The colostrum received also affects the metabolism, endocrine system and nutritional status of the newborn calf. Colostrum also stimulates the development and function of the digestive tract. One of the problems and issues that most livestock farmers face is the lack of adequate intake of good quality colostrum by newborn calves (Gomez & Chamorro, 2017). Among the most important causes of calf mortality during infancy are infectious diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhea. Since the main reason for the occurrence of these diseases is the insufficient level of immunity in the calf due to insufficient intake of quality colostrum, and the calf's low ability to produce immune factors, storing sufficient amounts of colostrum in livestock for consumption in times when the newborn calf does not have access to quality colostrum is essential for its survival. Excess colostrum, which is rich in protein and fat and is produced in large quantities by cows, may be a promising alternative for calf consumption (McGrath et al., 2016). Although most farmers are aware of the importance of its storage and consumption during milk feeding, the difficulty of its storage makes it uninteresting to store and use it in various production systems. Also, there is not much information about colostrum storage methods for feeding calves in the country. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using colostrum with different storage methods on performance, serum immunoglobulin, hematology, diarrhea status, and colostrum microbial population in Simmental calves (Robbers et al., 2021).
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different colostrum storage methods on the performance, health indicators, colostrum nutrient absorption, dry matter digestibility and blood factors of Simmental breed calves. The number of 32 male Simmental calves with an average weight of 39.5 ± 3.2 were divided into 4 groups in a completely random design for a period of 60 days, which included newborn calves that 1- received colostrum fresh from Mothers 2- received Fermented colostrum without any additives, 3- received Fermented colostrum with the addition of low-fat yogurt, and 4- received colostrum that was kept frozen in the freezer and heated to 37 degrees before use. Eight Simmental male calves were allocated to each group the calves were completely dried at birth, then weighed and the first blood sampling was done, which included two blood samples of 5 cc in vacuum tubes containing anticoagulant for hematological tests and without anticoagulant for Biochemical tests were done from calf vein. The second blood sampling was 24 hours after birth and the last sampling was on the 30th day. The next weighing was on the 30th and 60th days. Before starting the project, a sufficient amount of colostrum was stored and after the storage was completed, colostrum was prepared and divided into simple fermentation, fermentation with yogurt groups, and frozen colostrum group. 8 samples were taken from each group of colostrum after the fermentation process, to measure pH and microbial contamination. On the 27th to 30th days from the start of the project, stool samples were collected to measure apparent digestibility.
Results and Discussion: The results of tests and investigations showed that consumption of colostrum with different storage methods had no significant effect on weight gain of calves. Also, no significant difference in feed consumption and digestibility was observed among the experimental groups. The amount of blood immunoglobulin in all treatments did not differ significantly from the control group. No significant changes were observed in the comparison of hematology indicators including the number of red blood cells, hematocrit percentage and blood hemoglobin level among the groups. The mean feces score, number of animals, and days of diarrhea did not show significant differences among the different treatments. No significant difference was observed in the comparison of physical indices. In this project, the quality indicators of colostrum were also examined, and it was shown that the total bacteria count in frozen colostrum group was higher than other groups (P<0.05). Also, the amount of E. coli bacteria was higher in the control and frozen groups than the two fermented groups (P<0.05). The amount of coliforms was higher in the frozen colostrum group than the others (P<0.05), followed by the control group and the fermentation group with yogurt and simple fermentation, respectively. The pH value was significantly higher in the control group, then in the frozen group and finally in the fermented groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that if fresh colostrum is not available, frozen or fermented colostrum can be used for newborn calves.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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