Anele UY, Südekum KH, Hummel, J Arigbede OM, Oni AO, Olanite JA, Böttger C, Ojo VO and Jolaosho AO, 2011. Chemical characterization, in vitro dry matter and ruminal crude protein degradability and microbial protein synthesis of some cowpea (Vignaunguiculata L. Walp) haulm varieties. Animal Feed Science and Technology 163:161–169.
AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Beever DE, 1993. Ruminant animal production from forages -present position and future opportunities. In: BAKER, M. J. (ed.), Grassland for our World. SIR Publishing, p. 158.
Blümmel M and Lebzien P. 2001. Predicting ruminal microbial efficiencies of dairy ration by in vitro techniques. Livestock Production Science68: 107–117.
Blümmel M, 2000. Predicting the partitioning of fermentation products by combined in vitro gas volumechniques. iques. techniques. (ed.), Grassland for our World. SIR Publishing, p. 1tion: Fermentation Kinetics for Feed Evaluation and to Assess Microbial activity. British Society of Animal Science, Penicuik, Midlothian, pp. 48, p.
Blummel B, Makkar HPS. & Becker K, 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 77: 24–34.
Brito AF, Broderick GA, Olmos Colmenero GAJJ and Reynal SM, 2007. Effects of feeding formate-treated alfalfa silage or red clover silage on omasal nutrient flow and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90:1392–1404.
Broderick GA, 2006a. Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Crude Protein in Dairy Diets. 21stAnnual Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference, February 23-24.
Broderick GA, 2006b. Improving Nitrogen Utilization in the Rumen of the Lactating Dairy Cow. Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Best Western Gateway Grand, Gainesville FL.
Broderick GA and
Reynal SM. 2009. Effect of source of rumen-degraded protein on production and ruminal metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 2822-34.
Cameron MR, Klusmeyer TH, Lynch GL, Clark JH and Nelson DR. 1991. Effects of urea and starch on rumen fermentation, nutrient passage to the duodenum, and performance of cows. Journal of Dairy Science: 74:1321–1336.
Casper DP and Schingoethe DJ. 1989. Lactational response of dairy cows to diets varying in ruminal solubilities of carbohydrate and crude protein. Journal of Dairy Science 72: 928–941.
Chai WZ, van Gelder AH and Cone JW, 2004. Relationship between gas production and starch degradation in feed samples. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114: 195–204.
Cone JW and Van Gelder AH. 1999. The influence of protein fermentation on gas production profiles. Animal Feed Science and Technology 76: 251–264.
Getachew G, Blummel M, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 1998. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment ofnutritional quality of feeds: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 72: 261–281.
Goering HK and Van Soest PJ, 1970. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). In: USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 379. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC, USA.
Grings EE, Blummel M and Sudekum KH. 2005. Methodological considerations in using gas production techniques for estimating ruminal microbial efficiencies for silage-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123: 527–545.
Groot JCJ, Cone JW, Williams BA, Debersaques FMA and Lantinga EA. 1996. Multiphasic analysis of gas production kinetics for in vitro fermentation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 64: 77–89.
Hansen J and Møller I. 1975. Percolation of starch and soluble carbohydrates from plant tissue for quantitative determination with enthrone. Anal Biochemistry 68: 87-94.
Hungate RE. 1966. The Rumen and its Microbes. Academic Press, NY, USA.
Ipharraguerre IR and Clark JH, 2005. Impacts of the source and amount of crude protein on the intestinal supply of nitrogen fractions and performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science88: E22– E37.
Kobayashi Y, 2010. Abatement of Methane Production from Ruminants: Trends in the Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science 23: 410 – 416.
Menke KH, Steingass H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7–55.
Moss AR, Jouany JP and Newbold J. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Anal Zoo technology 49: 231–253.
Nocek JE. 1988. In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: A review. Journal of dairy Science 71: 2051-2069.
Russell JB, O’Connor JD, Fox DG, Van Soest PJ and Sniffen CJ. 1992. A net-carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. I. Ruminal fermentation. Journal of Animal Science 70: 3551–3561.
Rymer C, Huntington JA, Williams BA and Givens DI, 2005. In vitro cumulative gas production techniques: History, methodological considerations and challenges. Animal Feed Science and Technology 124: 9–30
SAS®, 2002. User’sguide: Statistics, Version 9. 1. SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC, USA.
Schofield P, Pitt RE and Pell AN. 1994. Kinetics of fibre digestion from in vitro gas production. Journal of Animal Science 72: 2980–2991.
Sniffen CJ, O’Connor JD, Van Soest PJ, Fox DG and Russel JB, 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets II carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science 70: 3562-3577.
Stern MD, Bach A and Calsamiglia S, 2006. New Concepts in Protein Nutrition of Ruminants. 21st Annual Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference, February 23-24, Tempe, AZ – 45.
Stern MD and Hoover WH, 1979. Methods for determining and factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: A review. Journal of Animal Science 49: 1590-1603.
Stern MD, Hoover H, Sniffen CJ, Crooker BA and Knowlton PH, 1978. Effects of nonstructural carbohydrate, urea and soluble protein on microbial protein synthesis in continuous culture of rumen contents. Journal of Animal Science 47: 944–956.
Tamminga S, 1992. Nutrition management of dairy-cows as a contribution to pollution control. Journal of Dairy Science75:345–357.
Theodorou MK, Williams BA, Dhanoa MS, McAllan AB and France J, 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 48: 185-197.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB and Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583–3597.
', './data/animal/coversheet/cover_fa.jpg'))