Abe H, Masuda Y and Suzuki M, 2009. Relationships between reproductive traits of heifers and cows and yield traits for Holsteins in Japan. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 4055-4062.
Alvasen K, Jansson Mörk M, Hallén Sandgren, C, Thomsen PT and Emanuelson U, 2012. Herd-level risk factors associated with cow mortality in Swedish dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 95: 4352-4362.
Ansari-Lari M, Mohebi-Fani M and Rowshan-Ghasrodashti A, 2012. Causes of culling in dairy cows and its relation to age at culling and interval from calving in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Veterinary Research Forum 3: 233-237.
Aziz Zadeh M, 2011. Characterization and pattern of culling in Holstien-Friesian dairy herds in Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeast of Iran. Veterinary Research Forum 2: 254-258.
Brickell S and Wathes DC, 2011. A descriptive study of the survival of Holstein-Friesian heifers through to third calving on English dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 94: 1831-1838.
Dechow CD and Goodling RC, 2008. Mortality, live culling by sixty days in milk, and production profiles in high- and low-survival Pennsylvania herds. Journal of Dairy Science 91: 4630-4639.
Dohoo I, Martin W and Stryhn H, 2010. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. 2nd edition, AVC Inc. Prince Edward Island. Pp. 467-527.
Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS and Leblanc SJ, 2012. Risk factors and effects of postpartum anovulation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 95: 1845-1854.
Dur JW, 1997. Genetic and phenotypic studies on culling in Quebec Holstein cows. PhD Thesis, McGili University, Montreal, Canada.
Faust MA, Kinsel ML and Kirkpatrick MA, 2001. Characterizing biosecurity, health, and culling during dairy herd expansions. Journal of Dairy Science 84: 955-965.
Gröhn Y, Ducrocq V and Hertl J, 1997. Modeling the effect of a disease on culling: An illustration of the use of timedependent covariates for survival analysis. Journal of dairy science 80: 1755-1766.
Hadley GL, Wolf CA and Harsh SB, 2006. Dairy cattle culling patterns, explanations, and implications. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 2286-2296.
Heinrichs AJ, 1993. Raising dairy replacements to meet the needs of the 21st century. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 3179-3187.
Heravi Moussavi A, Danesh Mesgaran M, Dirandeh E, Pirzadeh Naeini A and Noorbakhsh A, 2007. Reasons and timing of cows leaving herd in dairy cows using survival analysis methodology. Proceeding of British Society of Anima Science P 150.
Kadarmideen HN, Thompson R, Coffey MP and Kossaibati MA, 2003. Genetic parameters and evaluations from single- and multiple-trait analysis of dairy cow fertility and milk production. Livestock Production Science, 81: 183-195.
Kaplan EL and Meier P, 1958. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association 53: 457-481.
McCullough DA and DeLorenzo MA, 1996. Effects of price and management level on optimal replacement and insemination decisions. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 242-253.
McGowan MR, Veerkamp RF and Anderson L, 1996. Effects of genotype and feeding system on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Livestock Production Science 46: 33-40.
Microsoft FoxPro, Version 2.6 for Windows, 1989-1994; Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA.
Miller RH, Kuhn MT, Norman HD and Wright JR, 2008. Death losses for lactating dairy cows in herds enrolled in dairy herd improvement test plans. Journal of Dairy Science 91: 3710-3715.
Oltenacu PA, Britt JH, Braun RK and Mellenberger RW, 1984. Effect of health status on culling and reproductive performance of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67: 1783-1792.
Pinedo PJ and de Vries A, 2010. Effect of days to conception in the previous lactation on the risk of death and live culling around calving. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 968-977.
Pinedo PJ, De Vries A and Webb DW, 2010. Dynamics of culling risk with disposal codes reported by Dairy Herd Improvement dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 2250-2261.
R Core Team, 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL
http://www.R-project.org/.
Seegers H, Beaudeau F and Fourichon C, 1998. Reasons for culling in French Holstein cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 36: 257-271.
Sewalem A, Kistemaker GJ , Ducrocq V and Van Doormaal BJ, 2005. Genetic Analysis of Herd Life in Canadian Dairy Cattle on a Lactation Basis Using a Weibull Proportional Hazards Model. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 368-375.
Sewalem A, Miglior F, Kistemaker GJ, Sullivan P and Van Doormaal B, J. 2008. Relationship between reproduction traits and functional longevity in Canadian dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 91: 1660-1668.
Shahid MQ, Reneau JK, Chester-Jones H, Chebel RC, and Endres MI., 2015. Cow- and herd-level risk factors for on-farm mortality in Midwest US dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 4401- 4413.
Short TH and Lawlor TJ, 1992. Genetic parameters of conformation traits, milk yield, and herd life in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science 75: 1987-1998.
Teymuri AR, Babaei M, Eghbal AR and Badeae Moghaddam F, 2012. Investigation of the culling reasons of dairy cows in Tehran Province`s dairy farms. Animal Sciences Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 95: 41-48 (In Persian).
Therneau T, 2015. A Package for Survival Analysis in R. version 2.38, .
VanArendonk JAM, 1985. Studies on the replacement policies in dairy cattle. II. Optimum policy and influence of changes in production and prices. Livestock Production Science 13: 101-121.
VanRaden PM and Wiggans GR, 1995. Productive life evaluations: Calculation, accuracy and economic value. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 631-638.
Vatankhah M and Talebi MA, 2014. The study of the causes of culling and survival distribution function in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes. Journal of Ruminant Research 2: 145-156 (In Persian).
Vollema AR and Groen AF, 1996. Genetic parameters of longevity traits of an upgrading population of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 2261-2267.
Vollema AR and Groen AF, 1998. A comparison of breeding value predictors for longevity using a linear model and survival analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 3315-3320.
Vollema AR, Van Der Beek S, Harbers AGF and De Jong G, 2000. Genetic evaluation for longevity of Dutch dairy bulls. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 2629-2639.
Walton TE, 1996. Reference of 1996 dairy management practices. National Animal Health Monitoring System. USA.
', './data/animal/coversheet/cover_fa.jpg'))