بررسی اثر افزودن مخلوط سیاه دانه و پونه با اسید فرمیک پوشش‌دار بر عملکرد، فراسنجه‌های خونی، مورفولوژی و جمعیت میکروبی دستگاه گوارش در جوجه‌های تغذیه شده با جیره‌های آردی و پلت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ملایر

چکیده

زمینه مطالعاتی: بررسی اثر مخلوط  گیاهان دارویی و اسیدهای آلی در جوجه­های گوشتی. هدف: بررسی اثر افزودن مخلوط سیاه دانه و پونه با اسید فرمیک پوشش دار (فیتوسید)با هدف بهبود سلامتی دستگاه گوارش و عملکرد جوجه­های گوشتی. روش کار: آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی شامل4 تیمار بصورت جیره آردی و 4 تیمار بصورت جیره پلت در 4 تکرار و 7 پرنده در هر واحد آزمایشی انجام شد. تیمارها شامل تیمار کنترل، کنترل به همراه1 گرم فیتوسید در هرکیلوگرم خوراک، کنترل به همراه 2 گرم فیتوسید در هرکیلوگرم خوراک و کنترل به همراه 500 گرم سالینومایسین در هرکیلوگرم خوراک. افزایش وزن، خوراک مصرفی و ضریب تبدیل غذایی جوجه­ها در سنین مختلف در هر واحد آزمایشی مورد اندازه­گیری قرار گرفت. همچنین فراسنجه­های خونی در 21 و 42 روزگی، مورفولوژی روده در 42 روزگی و جمعیت میکروبی ایلئوم و سکوم در 7 و 21 روزگی اندازه گیری شد. نتایج: افزودن فیتوسید بطور معنی­دار باعث افزایش وزن بدن و خوراک مصرفی و کاهش معنی­دار ضریب تبدیل غذایی در جوجه­های تغذیه شده با خوراک آردی و پلت شد (01/0>P). افزودن فیتوسید همچنین pH ژژنوم و ایلئوم را بطور قابل توجهی کاهش داد (01/0>P). افزودن فیتوسید در جیره­های پلت سطح اسید اوریک و ازت اوره­ای خون جوجه­های گوشتی را بطور معنی­داری  کاهش داد. افزودن فیتوسید به جیره­های پلت و آردی منجر به کاهش بسیار معنی­دار جمعیت باکتری­های سالمونلا، کلی­فرم و اشریشیاکلی در 7 و 21 روزگی در ایلئوم و نیز سکوم جوجه­های گوشتی شد. فیتوسید بطور معنی­داری طول پرزهای ایلئوم را افزایش داد. نتیجه گیری نهایی: بطور­کلی نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که مخلوط گیاه دارویی با اسید آلی میتواند در سلامتی دستگاه گوارش نقش قابل توجهی داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Nigella sativa seeds and Mentha pulegium mixed with coated formic acid on performance, blood characteristics, ileal morphology, and ileal and cecal microbial population of broilers fed mash or pellet diets

نویسنده [English]

  • S Khalaji
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogens has resulted from the use of sub-therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics delivered in poultry feed (Sandra Diaz-Sanchez etal. 2015). The ban on the use of antibiotic feed additives as growth promoters caused researchers for exploring the future utility of other alternatives (Hamid etal. 2018). Furthermore, there are a number of consumer concerns regarding the use of antibiotics in food animals including residue contamination of poultry products and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens. These issues have resulted in recommendations of reducing the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock around the world (Sandra Diaz-Sanchez etal. 2015). Now a days conventional and organic productions have been limited to use antibiotics. Thus, both conventional and organic poultry production need alternative methods to improve growth and performance of poultry. Organic acids, herbs, spices, and various other plant extracts are being evaluated as alternatives to antibiotics and some do have growth promoting effects, antimicrobial properties, and other health-related benefits (Sandra Diaz-Sanchez etal. 2015 and Hamid etal. 2018). Current study was designed for further elucidation of the effects of the organic acid combined with phytogenic plant on gut healt in chicks fed with mash or pellet diets, therforecurrent trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of Phytocid (a plant-organic acid complex) on performance, immune response, and gut health of broiler chicks.
Material and methods: Experiment was done as a completely randomized design with 8 treatments (4 mash and 4 in pellet form), 4 replicates of 7 chicks in each pen. Treatments included control, control+1 or 2 g/kg Phytocid and control+ Salinomycin (0.5g/kg). Two basal diets were formulated for starter (1 to 21) and grower (22 to 42) period and Phytocid (1 and 2g/kg) and Salinomycin were added to the basal diet. For each treatment, a batch of 100 kg of each ration was mixed by using a Twin-Shaft Paddle Mixer and batches of the resulting ratins then were divided into two portion. The first portion was fed in mash form and the second portion was pelleted. The birds were reared in floor pens having wood shavings as litter material over a concrete floor. The room temperature was thermostatically set by automation systems using the two heaters and one fogger. Bell drinkers from the same polyethylene tank were used and water was provided ad libitum. Body weight and cumulative feed intake were measured on d 7, 21, and 42 for each pen and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Antibody titer aginst Newcastel and and Avian Influenza were measured at 36 d of age. Plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, heamatocrit, and heamaglobin concentration was measured at 42 d of age. Gastrointestinal pH was measured at 42 d of age. On d 7 and 21, two chicks from each pen were slaughtered by neck cutting for extraction of cecal contents. The cecal contents of each bird were pooled for serial dilution. Microbial populations were determined by serial dilution (104 to 106) of cecal samples in anaerobic diluents before inoculation onto petri dishes of sterile agar as described by Bryant and Burkey (1953). Salmonella was grown on Salmonella Shigella agar (Merck, Germany) and Coliforms were grown on McConkey agar (Darmstadt, Germany). Plates were counted between 24 and 48 h after inoculation. Colony forming units were defined as distinct colonies measuring at least one mm in diameter. On d 42, a 2-cm segment of the middle of the ileum was washed in physiological saline solution and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and formalin was changed three times for fixation. A single 0.5-cm sample was cut from each ileal section, dehydrated using increasing ethanol concentrations, cleared with xylene, and placed into polyfin embedding wax. Tissue sections (2 µm) were cut by microtome (model; Easy cut 202, Italy), floated onto slides, and stained with hematoxylin (Gill number 2; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and eosin (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). For each sample, villus height and crypt depth were measured using a digital camera that had light microscopy (Motic-SMZ-140, Germany). Twenty-five images from 15 tissue sections of each ileal section were taken and villus heights and crypt depths were measured by imaging software.
Results and discussion: Supplementing diet with Phytocid increased body weight gain, feed intake, and reduced feed conversion ratio significantly throughout the experimental period (p < 0.05). Phytocid did reduce ileum and jejenum pH significantly (p < 0.01). Supplementation of pellet and also mash diets with Phytocid did decrease Salmonella, coliform, and E-Coli population of ileum and ceca at 7 and 21 d of age significantly (p < 0.05). Ileal villus length and crypt depth was increased by addition of Phytocid to basal diets.
Conclusions: Results of current trial showed that Phytocid have beneficial effect on gastrointestinal health and improved weight gain and feed intake and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens and could be a possible replacing agent to antibiotics in poultry.

Al-Beitawi NA, El-Ghousein SS and Nofal A H, 2009. Replacing bacitracin methylene disalicylate by crushed Nigella sativa seeds in broiler diets and its effects on growth, blood constituents and immunity. Livestock Science 125:304–307.
Al-Homidan A, Al-Qarawi AA, Al-Waily SA and Adam SEI, 2002. Response of broiler chicks of dietary Rhazya stricta and Nigella sativa. British Poultry Science 43:291–296.
Basilico MZ and Basilico JC, 1999. Inhibitory effects of some spice essential oils on Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 growth and ochratoxin A production. Letters in Applied Microbiology 29:238–241.
Brunton LL, 1999. Agents affecting gastrointestinal water flux and motility, digestants and bile acids. Pages 914–932 in The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. Pregman Press, Oxford, UK.
Bryant MP and Burkey LA, 1953 Cultural methods and some characteristics of some of the more numerous groups of bacteria in the bovine rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 36:205–217. 1953.
Bowles BL and Miller AJ, 1993. Antibacterial properties of selected aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Journal of Food Production 56: 788–794.
Byrd J, Hargis B, Caldwell D, Bailey R, Herron K, McReynolds J, Brewer R, Anderson R, Bischoff K and Callaway T, 2001. Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers. Poultry Science 80: 278–283
Chang ST, Chen PF and Chang SC, 2001. Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomun osmophloeum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77:123–127.
Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K and Acamovic T, 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science 48:496–506.
Cowan MM, 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews 12:564–582.
Diaz-Sanchez S, D’Souza D, Biswas D and Hanning I, 2015. Botanical alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry production. Poultry Science 94:1419–1430.
Dibner J and Buttin P, 2002. Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11:453–463.
Duke GE, 1986. Alimentary canal: Secretions and digestion, special digestion functions and absorption. Pages 289–302 in Avian Physiology. P. D. Sturkie, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
El-Tahir KEH, Ashour MM and Al-Harbi MM, 1993. The respiratory effects of the volatile oil of the black seed (Nigella sativa) in guinea-pigs: Elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action. General Pharmacology 24:1115–1122.
Feng J, LiuXu X, Wang ZR and Liu JX, 2007. Effects of fermented soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers. Poultry Science 86: 1149–1154.
Fossati P and Prencipe L, 1982 Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clinical Chemistry 28: 2077–2080.
Forte C, Branciari R, Pacetti D, Miraglia D, Ranucci D, Acuti G, Balzano M, Frega NG and Trabalza-Marinucci M, 2018. Dietary oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) aqueous extract improves oxidative stability and consumer acceptance of meat enriched with CLA and n-3 PUFA in broilers. Poultry Science97: 1774–1785.
Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Mader A, Knorr F, Ruhnke I, Röhe I, Hafeez A, Männer K and Zentek J. 2014. The effects of different thermal treatments and organic acid levels on nutrient digestibility in broilers Poultry Science 93:1159–1171.
González-Alvarado JM, Jiménez-Moreno E, Lázaro R and Mateos GG, 2007. Effects of cereal, heat processing, and fiber on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers. Poultry Science 86:1705–1715.
Halle I, Thomann R, Flachowsky G, Schubert R, Flachowsky G, Bitsch R and Jahreis G, 1999. Effect of ethereal (essential) oil and oilseed on the growth of broilers. Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe in der Ernaehrung von Mensch und Tier: 7. Symposium Jena-Thuringen, Germany.
Hamid H, Shi HQ, MA GY, Fan Y, Li WX, Zhao LH, Zhang JY, Ji C and Ma QGM, 2018. Influence of acidified drinking water on growth performance and gastrointestinal function of broilers. Poultry Science 0:1–9.
Hedayati M, Sheikholeslami A, Manafi M and Yari M, 2017. Comparison effect of ethanoic extract of chicory root with antibiotic growth promoter on blood parameters, humoral Immune response and colony counts of broilers. Journal of Animal Sciences Researches (Agricultural Science) 27:115-130 (in Persian).
Izat AL, Adams MH, Cable MC, Colberg M, Retber MA, Skinner JT and Waldroup P. W, 1990. Effects of formic acid or calcium formate in feed on performance and microbiological characteristics of broilers. Poultry science 69:1876-1882.
Khalaji S, Zaghari M, Hatami KH, Hedari-Dastjerdi S, Lotfi L and Nazarian H, 2011. Black cumin seeds, Artemisia leaves (Artemisia sieberi), and Camellia L. plant extract as phytogenic products in broiler diets and their effectson performance, blood constituents, immunity, and cecal microbial population.Poultry Science90­:2500–2510.
Kroismayr A, Sehm J, Pfaffl MW, Schedle K, Plitzner C and Windisch W, 2008. Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets. Czech Journal of Animal Science 53: 377-387.
Lopes-Lutz D, Alviano DS, Alviano CS and Kolodziejczyk PP, 2008. Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry 69:1732–1738.
Mitsch P, Zitterl-Eglseer K, K¨ohler B, Gabler C, Losa R and Zimpernik I, 2004. The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83:669–675
Nair MKM, Vasudevan P and Venkitanarayanan K, 2005. Antibacterial effect of black seed on Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 16:395–398.
Pesti G, Bakalli R, Vendrell P and Chen HY, 2004. Effects of organic acid on control of bacteria growth in drinking water for broilers. Poultry Science 83:M303
Shamlo R, Nasr J and Kheiri F, 2014. Effects of various levels of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on carcass characteristics and serum cholesterol in broiler. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 4:453–457.
Symeon G, Mantis F, Bizelis I, Kominakis A and Rogdakis E, 2010. Effects of caponization on growth performance, carcass composition, and meat quality of medium growth broilers. Poultry Science 89:1481–1489.
Timbermont L, Lanckniet A, Dewulf J, Nollet N, Schwarzer K, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R and van Immerseel F, 2010. Control of Clostridium perfringes-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathology39:117–121.
Van Immerseel F, Fievez V, de Buck J, Pasmans F, Martel A, Haesebrouck F and Ducatelle R, 2004. Microencapsulated short-chain fatty acids in feed modify colonization and invasion early after infection with salmonella enteritidis in young chickens. Poultry Science83:69–74.
Xu ZR, Hu CH, Xia MS, Zhan XA and Wang MQ, 2003. Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poultry Science 82:1030–1036.
Yang Y, Iji PA and Choct M, 2009. Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 65:97–114
Zargari A, 1990. Medicinal Plants. 4th ed. Tehran University Press. Iran. Vol. 4, p. 28-42